Recently, after the “Watermelon Cleft Melon†in Jiangsu was reported by the media, all parties faced the reasons for the cracking of the watermelon and the doubts about the use of the “expanding agentâ€. For this reason, the reporter interviewed the researcher Zhang Chaoxian of the Institute of Plant Protection of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences on related issues.
Reporter: What is "expanding agent"? What is the role? What vegetables and fruits are used in our country?
Zhang Chaoxian: In the 20th to 1930s, humans discovered that trace amounts of natural plant hormones such as ethephon and gibberellin existed in plants, which had the effect of controlling growth and development. In the 1940s, studies on synthetic analogues began, and 2,4-D and yam buds were gradually developed and gradually used. At present, plant growth regulators have been widely used in agroforestry in the world. China has been producing and applying plant growth regulators since the 1950s. The application of plant growth regulators can not only significantly increase the yield of crops and improve the quality of agricultural products, but also increase the resistance of crops, so that agricultural production can save labor, cost, and efficiency.
Everyone's "expanding agent" belongs to a class of plant growth regulators. It has the effect of accelerating cell division, promoting cell enlargement, differentiation and protein synthesis, increasing the fruit setting rate and promoting fruit enlargement. Commonly used are chlorfenuron, gibberellic acid. In China, clopidazole is mainly used in horticultural crops such as watermelon, and gibberellic acid is mainly used in crops such as citrus. Judging from the use for many years, the technology is mature and the production effect is good.
Reporter: Can it be used in production? Is the Ministry of Agriculture allowed to use it or is it subject to relevant regulations?
Zhang Chaoxian: In our country, we have explicitly included “expanding agents†into the management of pesticides and strictly controlled them. According to the "Regulations on the Administration of Pesticides," only pesticides that have registered for pesticides and have been approved for production can be produced, operated and used in China. China's registration requirements for pesticides are very strict, and the registered pesticide products can only be obtained through scientific evaluation, which proves that they have better control effects and controllable human and animal health and environmental impacts. Pesticides that have been used will be restricted from use or withdrawn if they are found to pose a significant risk to agricultural and forestry production, human or livestock security, or the ecological environment.
Chloropircarb and gibberellic acid are registered pesticides in China. In the approval of pesticide registration in China, the pesticide application period, dosage and application method are specified on the pesticide label, and the use scope and safety interval are marked. At the same time, China has successively formulated the “Principles for the Rational Use of Pesticides†and pesticide residue standards to guide and regulate the use of pesticides. A large number of field trials have proved that "expanding agent" has no obvious adverse effects on the quality of watermelon under reasonable use. In practical applications, the melon farmers should apply pesticides in accordance with the labeling dosage, application period, and application method. If the use period is improper, or if the dosage or treatment is not increased arbitrarily, the local concentration will be too high, resulting in malformation, cracking and other drugs. Harmful symptoms.
Reporter: What are the reasons for the occurrence of "watermelon cracking melon" in some places in Jiangsu? Is it improper to use "expanding agent" or is it because of the weather? Has there ever been a "water melon cracker"? What other provinces have similar problems?
Zhang Chaoxian: According to analysis, the phenomenon of “watermelon cracking melons†in some places in Jiangsu is caused by a combination of various factors. First of all, it is related to the varieties that are grown. The name of the “watermelon†watermelon variety was called “Japan's all-around championâ€. It was introduced and promoted locally last year. Its characteristic is its thin and cracked skin. Secondly, it is the result of a combination of weather factors and the characteristics of watermelon growth. After a prolonged drought, watermelon absorbs a lot of water in the short term and it easily bursts. Since the spring of this year, the drought in Jiangsu has been heavy. Before and after the emergence of “cracking melonsâ€, it happened to coincide with heavy rains. In low-lying lands and places with large amounts of water, the transition of watermelons to absorption of water appeared to be a “cracking melonâ€. Third, it is related to the improper use of "expansive agents." The "bulking agent" should generally be sprayed on the melon embryo on the day of flowering of the female flower of watermelon or 1-3 days before the flowering, and should be applied according to the recommended amount at the time of registration. From the point of view of watermelons in some places in Jiangsu, the melon farmers are “swelling agents†that are used when the watermelons are close to maturity and are about to be marketed. According to the current situation, the phenomenon of "melon cracking" of watermelons in some areas of Jiangsu Province is still a few cases. It has rarely occurred in China before and it has not yet occurred in other provinces. This type of problem is a production technology issue, not a quality safety issue, which is mainly addressed through strengthening technical guidance.
Reporter: What impact does "expanding agent" have on crops and does it harm the human body?
Zhang Chaoxian: The use of “expanding agent†has certain technical requirements, and it has different effects on different crops and different varieties. Under normal use conditions, it can promote fruit enlargement, early maturing, and increase yield. However, if excessive use or improper use of the time, can cause fruit deformity, cracking, falling fruit and other harmful phenomena.
In order to protect human health, the FAO and WHO have established pesticide safety evaluation norms and guidelines. Developed countries in Europe and America have established a strict risk assessment system. Based on international norms, China has established a relatively complete pesticide safety evaluation system on the basis of drawing on the experience of developed countries. Many developed countries in the United States, Japan, and the like list it as a list of substances that do not require toxicity management exemptions. There is no need to establish safety limit standards for residues. At present, there is no scientific evidence that human health may be endangered.
Reporter: Is the "expanding agent" a pesticide or a fertilizer? Is it illegally added like "Clenbuterol?"
Zhang Chaoxian: "Expansion agent" is one of the plant growth regulators. According to the "Pesticide Management Regulations" promulgated by the State Council in 1997, the "expansive agent" belongs to the category of pesticides. The "expanding agent" such as clopidogrel, gibberellic acid and so on are essentially different from "clenbuterol." Chlorfenuron and gibberellic acid belong to the registered and approved pesticides, while "Clenbuterol" is prohibited by the state. Production, sale and use of illegal additives.
Reporter: It has been reported that "expansive agent" was developed by Japan, but later appeared malformed fruits and no longer used. Why is China still using it?
Zhang Chaoxian: Chlorofencarb was first developed in the United States, and Japan began production and use in 1985. According to the verification, at present, clopidogrel is still registered and used in Japan. The registration scope is grapes, kiwifruit, watermelon, melon, eggplant, tobacco and other crops (not what some experts say, Japan has stopped registration and use). At the end of the 1980s, China introduced this "expansive agent" from Japan, and in 1992 it obtained China's pesticide registration and began to use it in some provinces. At present, clopyridol is not only widely used in China, but also widely used in the United States, the European Union, Australia, Japan, South Korea and other countries and regions. Long-term use practices have proved that it will not cause harm to human health.
Gibberellic acid was used as a plant growth regulator and was first developed by the United Kingdom in 1961. In 1985, domestic pesticide production enterprises obtained Chinese pesticide registration. At present, gibberellic acid is widely used throughout the world and has not been found to be harmful to humans.
Reporter: What is the status of companies that produce "expanding agents"? is it legal?
Zhang Chaoxian: At present, 60 “expanding agent†products have been registered in China. There are two types of active ingredients (chloropyrazole and gibberellic acid), and 45 pesticide production enterprises are involved. These enterprises are all designated national pesticide companies. With the corresponding production conditions and capabilities, production approval of registered products is legal.
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