Yantai Apple is one of the most famous products in Shandong. Its main production areas are Qixia City, Penglai City, and Muping District in Yantai. Yantai Apple has enjoyed a reputation for sweetness, crispness and juicyness at home and abroad. It has always been a joy for domestic and foreign markets.
Overview
Yantai Apple was introduced by American missionaries in 1871. It was mainly composed of two varieties of green bananas and red bananas. Afterwards, Xiao Guoguang and Jin Shuai were also developed. Red Fuji and Jonagold were introduced since the reform and opening up. Yantai Apple is famous for its bright, crisp and sweet colors. It is the most important apple producing area in China. Its production areas are Qixia, Longkou, Zhaoyuan, Haiyang, Fuping and Fukuyama in the jurisdiction of Yantai. Yantai Apple has enjoyed a reputation for sweetness, crispness and juicyness at home and abroad. It has always been a joy for domestic and foreign markets. The main production area of ​​Yantai Apple is Songshan Town in Qixia. Apples are large and thin. The whole area adopts pollution-free bagging technology. Qixia City in Shandong Province is known as the Jiaodong Roof, covering an area of ​​2017 square kilometers. The main terrain is hills and mountains. There are characteristics of "six mountains, one water and three fields". This geographical environment is very suitable for planting apples. Qixia people planted apples for more than 100 years. Since the reform and opening up, Qixia has accelerated the adjustment of industrial structure and vigorously developed the apple industry. The area of ​​orchards has rapidly increased to 650,000 mu and the annual output of apples has reached 1 billion kilograms, which has become a pillar industry. Qixia therefore enjoys the title of "China's Apple Capital" and "China's First Apple City."
Yantai apple was originally imported from abroad. Prof. Wu Yumin said in the book "The Fruit Tree Cultivation Science": "In the 1850s, there was an American missionary who imported various kinds of foreign apple seedlings from the United States and opened the park to the east of Xinting Mountain in Yantai, Shandong, which was cultivated in China. The initiative of foreign countries began." Since then, it has been gradually promoted in Yantai.
Yantai is located in the eastern part of the Jiaodong peninsula, and the terrain is characterized by a mild high-temperature climate. Especially in summer and autumn, the air is moist and the sun shines. This is very beneficial to the growth of apples. These unique conditions have contributed to the bright color and pleasant taste of Yantai Apple.
Yantai has up to one hundred varieties of apples, most notably green bananas, red bananas, red jade, golden handsome and Guoguang. The green bananas, red bananas and red jade fruits are huge, rich in fragrance, sweet and crispy. The former is green and the latter is rich in red, such as fat, especially green bananas. The sweetness rate is as high as 13.2 percent. It is sweet and sweet and comparable to the southern bananas. Jin Shuai apple fruit golden, juicy and sweet, refreshing and refreshing, as the fruit of the Mid-Autumn Festival season.
At present, the apple planting area in Yantai has grown to more than 700,000 mu, which is 17 times more than that of the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The annual output of Apple has reached 1 billion jin, which is 65 times more than that of the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it has become China's largest apple. One of the economic cultivation areas.
Features
Variety characteristics
Yantai Apple is well-known both in China and abroad for its long history of cultivation, complete variety, high yield and good quality. There are more than 200 varieties of Yantai apples, the most prestigious among green banana apples, red bananas, golden handsome, and Guoguang, etc. They are the representative varieties of Yantai apples. In addition, Red Star, Hongyu, Huangkui, Danding, Ruixiang, August crisp, white sand honey, Red Fuji and other varieties, but also all taste good, have their own characteristics.
Unique flavor
Yantai apple has a big, fruit-shaped, bright color Jiangrun, smooth and delicate appearance, taste sweet and sour taste, bite a crisp and pure Jinchun, sweet honey taste, and the hardness of the pulp, less fiber, fine texture, fruit juice content in 89% Above, high sugar content, total sugar content of 16.4%, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and other human beneficial trace elements rich in content, high amino acid content, regular consumption, can play a unique role in helping digestion, beauty moisturizing. Yantai Apple has the reputation of “fruit queen†and is loved by many people!
Exported overseas
Yantai Apple has long been famous for its deliciousness and deliciousness. It has been famous for its endless fragrance after eating. Today, Yantai Apple continues to improve on the basis of the original, and new varieties emerge in endlessly. The products are sold at home and abroad.
Nutritional value
Yantai apple is rich in nutrients, it contains a variety of vitamins and acids. One apple contains more than 30 mg of flavonoids. Apple contains 15% carbohydrates and pectin. Vitamins A, C, E, and potassium and antioxidants are also abundant. One apple (154 g) dietary fiber 5 g, potassium 170 mg, calcium 10 mg, carbohydrate 22 g, phosphorus 10 mg, Vc 7.8 g, Vb 7.8 g. The amount of calcium in apples is much richer than normal fruits, helping to metabolize excess salt in the body. Malic acid can metabolize calories and prevent obesity in the lower body. As for soluble fiber pectin, constipation can be solved. Pectin can also promote the release of lead, mercury, and manganese in the gastrointestinal tract, regulate blood sugar levels in the body, and prevent sudden rise in blood glucose levels. Pectin in apples can lower cholesterol. According to a long-term investigation and research, people who eat 1 apple a day have increased bile output and bile acid concentrations, which helps the liver to excrete more cholesterol. Apple contains polyphenols and flavonoids natural chemical antioxidants, can remove the body's metabolic "junk" in time, eat ripe apples, treat constipation. The raw apples that have been rubbed into silk, the pectin can stop mild diarrhea. Malic acid can stabilize blood sugar and prevent diabetes in the elderly. Therefore, diabetics should eat sour apple. Apple contains sugar, lithium, and bromine. It is an effective sedative sleeping pill and has no side effects. Apples contain zinc and magnesium, so eating apples can enhance memory and have an effect on children's development. Because some elements of Apple can eliminate lead and mercury elements that are harmful to health in the body, European scientists call it an anti-cancer drug.
Growing environment
Yantai Apple's main production areas are mainly concentrated in Qixia, Fushan, Fuping, Haiyang, Zhaoyuan, Qishan, and Longkou Qirong villages in the center of Jiaodong Peninsula. The climate here is a warm temperate zone. The hills are continuous, the rivers and streams are vertical and horizontal, the air is humid, the light is sufficient, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and it is extremely conducive to the effective accumulation of sugar, and the soil is neutral alkaline sandy loam soil, containing abundant phosphorus and potassium. Calcium, magnesium and other elements have various natural conditions for the cultivation of apples and for the growth of apples.
Representative variety
There are more than 200 varieties of Yantai apples, mainly red Fuji, green bananas, red bananas, gold handsome, Guoguang and other most prestigious, is the representative variety of Yantai Apple. In addition, Hongxing, Hongyu, Huangkui, Danding, Ruixiang, August crisp, white sand honey, Jonahine, Dora, Chiaki and other varieties are also all excellent in color and taste, and they have different characteristics and are suitable for different tastes and countries. The consumption of the crowd.
receive honor
Over the past few years, the quality of Yantai apple has passed the signing of the Green Food Office of the Shandong Provincial Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Quality Supervision and other departments. In 1996, it won a gold medal at the Shandong Provincial Quality Fruits Appraisal Conference. In 1997, it was certified by the China Green Food Center. The "China Green Food Certificate" has been designated as an exhibit fruit by the Fruit and Vegetable Association for several consecutive years. It has truly become a quality apple for consumers to enjoy and enjoy.
Brand trademark
Yantai: Three Million Fruit Farmers Enjoy "Yantai Apple" Brand for Free
In April 2009, at the forum on management of the use of geographical indications for certified geographical indications of Yantai Apple held in Zhangping, authoritative sources spoke of the news that was enough to surprise the 3 million farmers in Yantai. In particular, the “birth certificate†does not mean that everything will work. Yantai Apple's rejuvenation of the brand still needs to strengthen the protection of the origin of the region, improve the management level and enhance the industrial advantage.
“Getting this 'Vcard' with a very high gold content is just the first step in the Long March.†said Zhao Peice, president of the Apple Association. Focusing on how to make good use of the "Yantai Apple" production area certification mark, let it play a greater role. After more than six months of brewing, the City Apple Association decided to provide free use for everyone: "All Apple producers and operators in the Yantai region will only be certified. Units that meet the "Yantai Apple" precision management standards can apply."
China's first
"Yantai Apple" has a value of 8.097 billion yuan, making it the first brand in China's fruit industry.
On December 18, 2009, the 2009 Press Conference for the Evaluation of China's Agricultural Public Regional Brand Values ​​was held in Beijing. At the announcement of the evaluation results announced on that day, the Yantai Apple brand value in Shandong was 8.097 billion yuan, ranking first in the nation's agricultural public regional brands, and Yantai Cherry ranked tenth in the fruit category with a brand value of 1.819 billion yuan.
Top 20 Apple Counties
The 2007 China Apple Annual Conference and Shaanxi Fruit Promotion Conference were held in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province.
Apple is the largest producer of fruit in our country. China is the world's largest apple producer. In recent years, China's apple production has increased steadily, and the rate of high-quality fruit has increased noticeably. Major producing counties (cities) have vigorously promoted regionalized distribution, specialized production, and industrialized management, and the level of standardization and scale has been further enhanced, which is the development of China's fruit industry. Made a positive contribution. According to the apple planting area and output provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, according to the weighted average score, the China Fruit Circulation Association decided to award the “Top 20 Chinese Apple Counties (Cities)†honorary title to the top 20 counties (cities).
Geographical protection
According to the Provisions on the Protection of Products Produced in Geographical Areas, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China passed a review of applications for protection of geographical origin of Yantai Apple's products, and approved the protection of products originating from geographical areas of Yantai Apple from August 28, 2002.
protected range
Yantai Apple's geographical scope of origin is predicated on the geographical scope proposed by the letter of the People's Government of Yantai City, Shandong Province on Applying for Geographical Protection of Apple Originating in Yantai (Yan Zhengxun [2001] No. 186) and is administered by Yantai City, Shandong Province. Administrative area (announcement No. 82 of 2002).
Production technical requirements
1 Natural environment
The area is located in the eastern part of the Shandong peninsula, with the Bohai Sea in the west and north, and the Yellow Sea in the east and south. It is a warm temperate continental monsoon climate in the east and south. It has four distinct seasons, mild climate, abundant sunshine, moderate rainfall, and humid air.
1.1 Temperature
The average annual temperature is 11.8°C, and the average frost-free period is 215 days.
1.2 Sunshine
The annual average sunshine duration is 2658.4 hours, the annual average annual sunshine percentage is 60%, the average annual solar radiation amount is 5154MJ/m2, and the total radiation amount in the fruit tree growing season (March to November) is 4340.6MJ/m2.
1.3 Precipitation
The average annual rainfall is 735mm. The precipitation is concentrated from June to August, and the average precipitation is 443mm, which is a time when the water requirement for the growth and development of Yantai apple is relatively large.
1.4 Soil
Brown soil accounts for about 80% of the total land area. The soil is fine and soft, with good ploughability and strong water retention. The content of organic matter in the soil is about 0.90%.
2 Orchard Management
2.1 Soil and Fertilizer Water Management
2.1.1 Soil Fertilizer
The orchard land is flat, the soil is deep, and the living soil layer is more than 60cm. The organic fertilizer used in the harmless treatment of Mushi is more than 3000kg, and other organic compound fertilizers are added. The use of autumn basal fertilizer is mainly combined with the appropriate amount of top dressing during the phenophase irrigation, such as pre-flowering, post-flowering and young fruit expansion. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 100 kg of apples per production, nitrogen is 1.0 to 1.2 kg, and phosphorus pentoxide is used. It is 0.5-0.75kg and potassium oxide is 1.0-1.2kg. According to tree nutrient diagnosis appropriate amount of trace elements.
2.1.2 Orchard Grass
Rows of clover, barnyardgrass or oatgrass are grown between rows to increase soil organic matter.
2.1.3 Moisture
Using drip irrigation, micro-irrigation and other irrigation techniques, the orchard soil relative water content is maintained at 60 to 80%. Do not use polluted water.
2.2 Flower and Fruit Management
2.2.1 Pre-flower cutting
For trees with many flower buds, cut them before flowering and adjust the proportion of flowers and leaf buds to 1:3~4.
2.2.2 artificial sparse flower
At the beginning of the inflorescence separation period, each interval of about 20cm was chosen to leave a thick inflorescence, and all other redundant inflorescences were neglected.
2.2.3 Pollination
Bees, wall bees, and artificial pollination are used during flowering.
2.2.4 Fruit thinning
Xie Hua began fruit thinning 10 days later and ended within one month. According to the strength of the tree, the number of fruit set to determine the appropriate fruit spacing, usually 20 ~ 25cm, choose to leave a fruiting strong flower sequence, leaving a central fruit, the excess young fruit completely removed.
2.2.5 fruit bagging
Apple began to lay the paper bag 30 to 40 days after Xie Hua, and it ended in mid-late June to early July. Before bagging, carry out fruit thinning and spray a fungicide. 20 to 30 days before fruit harvest to bag.
2.2.6 Picking Leaves, Transferring Fruit, Laying Reflective Film
After the bag was taken, a retroreflective film was placed under the canopy to enhance the reflected light in the lower and inner crown and improve the degree of fruit coloration. All branches and leaves that affect fruit color are cut off. After the fruit is turned to the sunny side, the fruit is turned and the fruit's shady surface is completely colored.
2.3 Pest Control
Diseases and pests are mainly based on prevention and integrated prevention and control, and they should be controlled and forecasted in a timely manner. The main prevention and control of rot, early defoliation, ring rot disease, peach borer and other pests and diseases. Do not use the national banned pesticides.
2.4 Pruning
2.4.1 Main Tree
Free-spindle shape: The tree height is about 3m, the crown diameter is 2~3m, and the main branch is 12~15. It is suitable for the close planting garden with a plant spacing of 2~3m.
Small crown sparse layer shape: tree height 3 ~ 3.5m, crown diameter 3 ~ 4m, main branch 5 ~ 7, crown flat, suitable for 3 ~ 4m orchard spacing.
2.4.2 Tree Structure
The spindle-shaped main branch angle is about 80°, and the sparse-layer main branch branch angle is about 70°. The pruning method based on sparse cutting, slowing, sparse and shrinking is adopted, and the long spindle-shaped main branches are shortened and shrunk. In the fruit period, there are 70,000 to 80,000 acres of trees and 30% of the light transmittance of the inner leaves.
3 Picking
Harvest in a proper period, gently pick and pick, avoid bruising, stab wounds.
4 grade specifications
Grade specifications are shown in Table 1.
5 Sensory features
The characteristics of a typical apple in the Bohai Bay area are: fruit size, fruit shape index, bright color, thin epidermis, crisp, tender and juicy pulp, moderate acidity and sweetness, moderate hardness, and delicious fragrance.
6 Physical and chemical indicators
According to GB/T10651 implementation.
7 Health indicators
According to GB/T10651 implementation.
8 Test methods
8.1 grade specifications, physical and chemical indicators, health indicators
According to GB/T10651 implementation.
8.2 Sensory features
The shape and color are determined visually. The taste is determined by tasting.
9 Inspection Rules
9.1 Inspection lot
Apples in the same production base, the same variety, the same maturity, the same packaging date are one batch.
9.2 Sampling methods
According to GB/T8855 implementation.
9.3 Inspection Classification
9.3.1 Type Inspection
9.3.1.1 One of the following situations should carry out type inspection.
a) Early picking every year;
b) The State Quality Supervision and Administration Department proposes type inspection requirements.
9.3.1.2 Type inspections are all required by this standard.
9.3.1.3
Decision rule: When the unqualified fruit rate exceeds 5% in the whole batch of samples, it is judged to be unqualified, and lowering or reclassification is allowed. If one of the sensory characteristics and physical and chemical indicators is unqualified, double sampling and re-inspection are allowed. If there are still unqualified products, it will be deemed as unqualified product. If one of the health indicators is unqualified, it is judged to be a substandard product.
9.3.2 Settlement Inspection
9.3.2.1 Before each batch of Yantai apple products is delivered, the production unit shall carry out inspections. After the delivery inspection is completed and the certificate is attached, the product can be delivered.
9.3.2.2 Settlement inspection items are grade specifications, sensory features, packaging, and signs.
9.3.2.3
Decision rule: When the unqualified fruit rate exceeds 5% in the whole batch of samples, the grade specifications and sensory characteristics are judged to be unacceptable, and downgrade or reclassification is allowed. If one of the packages or signs is unqualified, it is determined that the delivery fails the inspection.
10 Signs, Packaging, Transport, Storage
10.1 Logo
Yantai Apple's sales and transportation packaging shall mark the product label of the originating region, and indicate the product name, variety, grade and specification, origin, date of packaging, production unit, quantity or net content, and code of implementation standard.
Products that do not meet this standard must not use the name "Yantai Apple" (including continuous or disconnected).
10.2 Packaging
According to GB/T13607 implementation.
10.3 Transportation
10.3.1 The transportation tools are clean and free of odors. Do not mix with toxic and hazardous materials.
10.3.2 Handle gently when loading and unloading.
10.3.3 When it is ready for shipment, it should be clearly marked, neatly stacked, clean and well ventilated. It is forbidden to expose to the sun and rain. Pay attention to frost protection, heat protection, and shorten the waiting time.
10.4 Storage
10.4.1 Refrigeration of Yantai Apple According to GB/T8559.
10.4.2 The air-conditioning storage of Yantai Apple is carried out according to ISO 8682.
10.4.3 The warehouse has no odor. Do not mix with toxic and hazardous materials. Do not use preservatives and materials that impair the quality of Yantai Apples.
