Ginkgo Biloba is a peculiar to our country and a world-recognized cherished valuable tree species. The whole body of Ginkgo biloba is a treasure. It combines ecological, economic and social benefits. It is used in conjunction with, medicinal, edible, protective, greening and ornamental. In particular, Ginkgo biloba and its products have been sold well in the international market in recent years. Therefore, “Ginkgo biloba fever†has appeared throughout China.
Ginkgo biloba, also known as ginkgo, is a multipurpose, special economic tree species that belongs to subtropical and warmband tree species. The main producing areas include Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and other provinces and autonomous regions.
First, Ginkgo needs fertilizer characteristics
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest relict species in the existing seed plants. It is magnificent and upright, green in spring and summer, golden in late autumn, long-lived, with few diseases and insect pests, and has strong adaptability and pollution resistance. For thousands of years, Ginkgo biloba has been highly praised for its luxuriant foliage, unique leaf shape, beautiful fruit, and strong vitality.
(A) The vegetative growth characteristics of root system The main function of root system is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, store nutrients, and at the same time, it can hold the tree body, produce root enthalpies, and play the role of reproduction and renewal.
1. Vertical distribution of the root system The vertical distribution of Ginkgo biloba root varies with soil thickness, texture, groundwater level, and cultivation conditions. Seedlings were planted from 1 to 2 years old. The lateral roots were used instead of the main roots. The vertical distribution of the roots was shallow, generally 1.5 to 3.5 meters. However, the roots were mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20 to 60 cm.
2. The horizontal root distribution of Ginkgo biloba has a large amount of roots, many branches, lateral roots of grades I and II, and large Ginkgo biloba trees more than 50 years old. The roots are concentrated within a range of 3 to 5 meters from the trunk. With the increase of age, horizontal distribution range. It also expands, and the horizontal lateral roots of Ginkgo biloba are longer than the main root, which is generally 1.8 to 2.5 times the radius of the crown of the canopy. A female tree born in 600 years old in Changsheng Town, Taixing City, Jiangsu Province, with a height of about 26 meters, and a horizontal distribution of roots of 28 to 30 meters. The ancient Ginkgo biloba, born in 1200 in Dawu Town, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, is 52 meters high and has a vertical root distribution of 20 Many meters, horizontal distribution of more than 500 meters, but the root volume is mainly concentrated in the trunk from 5 to 8 meters. The ratio of Ginkgo biloba root width to crown width varied with age and site conditions. Young trees were 1.4 (~1.7):1. After entering fruit stage, the root to shoot ratio was 0.9 (~1.2):1, due to the distribution of Ginkgo biloba roots. The scope is large. Therefore, when constructing ginkgo forests, it is appropriate to choose a deep and loose soil.
Ginkgo biloba roots germinate from late March and stop growing at the beginning of December. The growth period is about 250 days. There are two growth peaks in the annual growth cycle. The first peak period is from late May to mid July, about 60 days. The first peak of growth coincides with the growth peak of the aboveground part. At this stage, the tree has a large demand for nutrients; the second peak period is from mid-late October to mid-November, after the seeds are harvested and the high diameter During the slow growth period, the tree contains sufficient nutrients, but the growth time is short, the photosynthetic capacity is weak, and the growth is small.
Klecka et al. first discovered G. biloba mycorrhizal fungi, and Khan and Sharma et al. determined that G. biloba mycorrhizal was vesicle-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). It is a natural phenomenon that VAM fungus impregnated Ginkgo biloba in the soil of Ginkgo biloba woodland. Inoculation of VAM fungus in seedlings can increase the amount of growth, inoculation of Ginkgo biloba seedlings with fungus, and increase the amount of high-diameter growth. Ginkgo biloba VAM fungi can form a large number of intracellular hyphae, with few intercellular hyphae. Ginkgo biloba roots after being impregnated with a large number of root hairs are the typical forms of root absorption. The absorption root of Ginkgo biloba only has good absorption ability when it is impregnated with endogenous VAM fungi.
Ginkgo biloba has higher water content and certain drought tolerance, but if the lifting time is long or long-distance transportation, the roots lose too much water, the mycelium of the mycelium is dry, and the water absorption capacity of the roots is reduced, which affects the survival rate or the survival rate of the seedlings. The growth and development of the tree.
(II) Requirements of Ginkgo biloba on soil conditions Ginkgo biloba is not strictly selective for soil conditions, but it is most suitable for sandy soil. Ginkgo roots are not resistant. Therefore, it is appropriate to use a well-drained soil that can maintain a certain humidity. In China, the main producing areas of Ginkgo biloba are alluvial soils with flat topography, sandy soil, loose fertility, and the pH of soil is the best among 6.5 to 7.5. When the soil salt content was 0.25%, the growth was normal, and when it was greater than 0.3%, the root growth was blocked or even died. Ginkgo belongs to the species of pulpy mycorrhiza, and the fleshy root is an adaptable way to resist salt. Under normal drainage conditions, with the increase of salt content, the soil nutrients such as Ca2+ increase accordingly, resulting in a corresponding increase in the physical quality of the species. Ginkgo biloba calcium determines its adaptability to alkali is greater than the endurance of acid. According to a survey conducted by the Central South Forestry University, the proportion of limestone or calcium-rich parent rocks in Hunan ginkgo is higher than 72.8%, which fully proves that the requirement of calcium for ginkgo trees and the ecological type to adapt to them are hi calcium species.
Second, ginkgo fertilizer technology
(A) seedbed fertilizer technology
1. Choosing nursery and nursery choice is an important part of nurturing strong seedlings. The rational selection of nursery land has a direct impact on the seedling emergence and growth. The nursery land should be selected where the traffic is convenient, the terrain is flat, the leeward is sunny, the drainage and irrigation are convenient, the soil is loose, and the fertility is better. Loam and sandy loam are suitable. The soil depth should be more than 50cm, suitable for slightly acidic or neutral (pH5.5 ~ 7.5) soil, salt content shall not exceed 0.3%. In places with poor water conditions, in particular, the soil should be thickened, water should be stored, and the ability to resist drought should be improved. Soil viscidity, low wetland, inner depression, heavy cropping land, and former vegetable crops such as potato and cucumber are not suitable for growing ginkgo seedlings.
2. Fertilizer nursery beds are to be fully deep-rolled, with a depth of 30 to 40 cm. After freezing in winter, the soil is further weathered. Combine every 667m2 of organic fertilizer 3000-5000kg or cake fertilizer 300kg, compound fertilizer 100kg, and mix ferrous sulfate 3~5kg, zinc phosphorus 2.5kg, to prevent pests and diseases. In the rainy areas in the south, in order to prevent accumulation of water, a high bed should be used with a bed height of 25 to 35 cm. In the less rainy areas in the north, low beds can be used. The east and west direction of the seedbed is 1 to 1.2 meters wide. The seedbed depends on the topography but it is too long to collect water. After the earthworms have been made well, if the soil is too dry, it should be filled with water once and keep it moist until it is sown.
3. The fertilization technique for cultivating strong seedlings Although Ginkgo biloba has a wide range of ecological adaptation to the soil, Ginkgo biloba is still essentially a fat-seeking tree species. Therefore, fertilization is a key measure to increase the yield and growth of seedlings. Li Jiayu tested the types and amounts of different measures under the same measures. The results show that fertilization has a significant role in promoting seedling growth (Table 7-12).
Table 7-12 Effect of fertilization on the growth of Ginkgo biloba seedlings
Fertilizer type 667 m 2 Fertilizer amount (kg) Average seedling height
(cm) average ground diameter
(cm) average number of leaves
(piece) biomass
(g/m2)
Pig cattle fat 500013.900.711.30118.0
Pig cattle fat 500014.100.748.60134.9
Pig cattle calf 1000016.060.8019.85236.7
Pig cattle fat 1000018.970.8314.70285.7
No fertilizer 16.470.466.3057.5
From Table 5-3, it can be seen that fertilization of 10,000 kg of fertilized seedlings of 5000 kg is thicker, and seedling height, ground diameter, and number of leaves are all significantly increased. Seedling biomass fertilization 10000 kilograms is equivalent to 2 times fertilization 5000 kilograms, equivalent to 4 times no fertilization. The seedlings that were not fertilized had a height of more than 5,000 kg of fertilization but the seedlings were weak and the average diameter, number of leaves, and biomass were significantly different from the 5000 kg of fertilization. From the seedling quality point of view, fertilization of 10,000 kilograms of seedlings diameter of 0.7 cm or more, accounting for 75% to 85%, fertilization 5000 kg, accounting for only 45.6% to 63.6%, while the diameter of non-fertilized seedlings are below 0.65 cm, of which Seedlings with a ground diameter of 0.45 cm account for 50%. It shows that it is not only necessary to fertilize strong seedlings but also to use more fertilizers as appropriate. In addition to the base fertilizer, during the growth of seedlings, top dressing is applied 3 to 4 times. The first time was in mid-May; the second time was in early June; and the third time was from late July to early August. 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed during the growth period of the seedlings, which was 15%~17% higher than the high growth without spraying under the same conditions.
(B) Dwarfing planting and early solid, fertility park fertilization technology
1. Although Ginkgo biloba is an alternative to soil, it has strong adaptability to soil, but it is necessary to have a good soil condition for the tree to develop robustly, early, high-yield and stable production with high economic benefits. The soil fertility and its physical and chemical properties have a direct impact on the growth of roots and the flowering and fruiting of the roots.
The soil improvement includes deep turning and ripening, thickening of soil layer, changing sand and soil, sand mixing with soil, low-alkali saline-alkali land drainage and alkalinity, limestone and organic matter in acidic soil, and green manure.
2. Fertilizing and soil preparation should generally be well-prepared in the season before planting, so that the soil in the designated point can be sun-dried and frozen in winter to promote soil ripening and eliminate pests and diseases. Leveling method can be used in flat land, with a width of 1.5~2.0 meters and a depth of 0.8 meters. Hilly areas can be set up by terraces. Dig a good hole before the winter and fill it back into the ditch in the early spring of the following year. Apply 75,000 kg/ha of decomposed barn fertilizer and mix the manure with the soil and backfill it. Fill water 2 times continuously to make the soil solid and moist. If you do not take the land preparation, you can directly apply organic fertilizer plus a small amount of phosphate fertilizer into the hole. Apply 100 kg of basal fertilizer and apply superphosphate 0.2-0.5 kg in order to facilitate hair growth.
3. After cultivating a hole and expanding soil, it is necessary to keep the soil moist and loose within 1 to 2 years, timely watering in appropriate amount, covering the grass in the tree tray, and interplanting green manure outside the tree tray. In order to expand the absorption area of ​​the root system, with the growth of age, it is necessary to expand the soil or deepen the soil every year. Ginkgo biloba is best done in autumn. The deep plowing in summer can be combined with green manure before the peak of root growth. In winter and spring, it is combined with topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. It is best to expand the hole three times in succession from the second year after planting. Sandy and gravely gardens should also be replaced with soils. When the water is discharged or the soil is submerged after raining, the land should be filled and drained in time to prevent the accumulation of water and rot. The dry land should be watered in time.
4. Dwarf dense planting techniques
(1) During the fertilization period Ginkgo biloba development and flowering inoculation require various elements from the soil. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required in large quantities and generally account for about 45% of the dry weight of the tree. Therefore, it is three. A large number of elements, while others are trace elements. Except for special circumstances, the soil generally contains enough trace elements. It is very important to ensure that the amount of nutrients that can be used in the soil is sufficient for the early yield, high yield, stable yield and high quality of ginkgo. However, excessive or insufficient nutrient elements can adversely affect Ginkgo biloba growth. After Ginkgo biloba is planted, more concentrated and less concentrated fertilization methods are used. From the fertilization period, 3 to 4 fertilizations were applied in one year, basically in spring and summer. In general, the ginkgo seedlings were only topdressed once in the year of planting; in the second and third years, top dressing was performed three times; after the results, top dressings were applied four times a year. The first fertilization (ie, spring fertilization, also called long leaf fertilization) should be carried out when the ground temperature starts to rise and the roots move. In the north of the Yangtze River in late February to early March, north of the Huaihe River in about mid-March. It mainly solves the problem of not storing nutrients in the tree. Fertilizer before spring sprouting, mainly available nitrogen fertilizer (also can be applied to a large number of decomposing human and animal feces, and the application of available nitrogen fertilizer), appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer to promote vegetative growth, rapid green leaves, and promote carbohydrates and protein The formation of enhanced photosynthesis. The first fertilization amount accounts for 25% of the annual fertilization amount. The purpose of this fertilization is to promote flower development, growth of branches and leaves, increase the growth of new shoots, enlarge and thicken leaves and increase fruit setting rate. For more solid mother trees, it is better to add nitrogen fertilizer after the rain, especially the more flowering trees, to further supplement the nutrients. The second fertilization (ie, summer fertilization, also known as long fruit fertilization) is the late stage of vigorous growth of the root system, and it is the peak of the actual growth. Therefore, the vigorous growth period of the root can be appropriately extended, and the seed growth and embryo development are greatly benefited. In Japan, they are mostly applied from late May to early June. Among them, mainly available nitrogen fertilizers are available, with appropriate amounts of phosphate fertilizers. In the north of the Yangtze River in China, about the end of June, the south of the Yangtze River was applied slightly earlier. The fertilization amount was 40% to 50% of the annual fertilization amount. The fertilization is also carried out after the flower has been flowered. The purpose is to make the sprouts grow robustly, promote the rapid expansion of young seeds, and reduce the physiological seeding. Fertilization and its period in summer depends on the tree vigor and the number of inoculations. It is not possible to apply or less to the inoculation of less busy trees. In spring, if there are more fertilizers, it may not be applied or applied. The third fertilization (ie, autumn fertilization, also known as strong wood fertilization) is generally conducted in the middle and early July, and is also completed in late July. This period coincides with the hard nucleus stage and the rough growth accelerates growth. Therefore, timely and appropriate fertilization is essential to increase the seed yield and quality of the year, and it is also the flower bud differentiation period that will lay the foundation for the annual output. Phosphorus and potash fertilizers are mainly used for topdressing, and nitrogenous fertilizer is used in conjunction with the purpose of increasing the nutrient level of the tree, promoting the formation of carbohydrates and proteins, thereby increasing yield, quality and flower bud formation. The fourth fertilization (that is, winter fertilization, also known as fruit fertilizer), after the seeds were harvested, combined with the deep-turning of the soil into the delayed organic fertilizer - base fertilizer. In Japan, basal fertilization is mostly performed in October and December to promote root growth. The fertilization in China is generally from the end of September to the beginning of October. During this period, a large amount of photosynthetic products reflowed, and the roots grew again. Fertilization delayed leaf senescence (delayed the leaves by 1 month), increased nutrient accumulation, and better development of branch shoots, and increased the number of roots. Fertilizer compost, manure, sugar mud, cake fertilizer, human and animal manure, leaves, green manure, etc., and increase the application of phosphate fertilizer, with the appropriate application of available nitrogen fertilizer, this fertilization also has the effect of improving soil and improving soil fertility. The above four fertilizations were top dressings for the first three times, mainly quick-release fertilizers, followed by basal fertilizers, and mainly delayed organic fertilizers. The actual production should be based on the tree vigor, the results of the situation increase or reduce the number of fertilizers and fertilizer. At present, the fertilization period and the amount of fertilization have been standardized in the Japanese Ginkgo Biloba Park. The fertilization period is March 15, May 20, July 15, October 20 and late November to late February. The annual total fertilization amount per 667 m 2 is 4 kg, phosphorus 8.7 kg, and potassium 4.8 kg.
(2) Fertilizer quantity As there are many factors affecting the amount of fertilizer, such as the age of trees, the strength of tree vigor, the degree of soil nutrient, types of fertilizers, yield, environmental conditions and varieties, etc., we must comprehensively analyze all aspects of the situation and propose A reasonable amount of fertilizer. It can be said that increasing the amount of fertilizer in a certain range can increase the yield, but it does not mean that the higher the amount of fertilizer, the higher the yield. Although the complexity of ginkgo nutrients and the diversity of environmental factors make it difficult to determine a fixed amount of fertilization, a summary of soil analysis, field fertilization and mass fertilization experiences, especially with the development of plant nutrition diagnostics, has been applied. Leaf analysis method to determine the tree nutrient level is the basis for determining the amount of fertilizer is more reliable. Leaf analysis method is based on the content of various elements in the leaves, to determine the nutrient level of the tree. According to the results of leaf analysis, as a reference for fertilization, the proportion and amount of nutrient elements were adjusted to meet the needs of normal growth of Ginkgo biloba tree. It must be noted that the leaf samples used for analysis must be representative, such as the same growing trend, the same age of rootstocks, the same type of soil, the same time, the time of collecting leaves, the position in the canopy, the type of branches, etc. Five to ten trees were collected and 100 to 200 blades were collected to ensure reliable analysis results. For the growth of robust Ginkgo biloba, analysis of leaves in early September showed that the leaves on the long branches contained 13.8% of reducing sugars. The content of nitrogen was 1.84%, crude protein was 11.5% and phosphorus content was 0.16%. The leaves of short branches contained 11.2% of reducing sugar, 1.27% of nitrogen, 0.78% of phosphorus, and 7.94% of crude protein. According to Jiangsu report on May 21, the seed contained 4.34% nitrogen, 0.78% phosphorous, 3.29% nitrogen in long branches, 3.41% nitrogen in uninoculated short branches, 3.42% nitrogen in short branches, phosphorus content. 0.08%, non-inoculated short-spike nitrogen 2.47%, phosphorus content in long branches 0.69%, phosphorus content in leaves 0.39%, 0.43% phosphorus content in unextracted short branches, phosphorus content in leaves of short-leaved species 0.47%. Therefore, from the measured data for fertilization reference. From a long-term point of view, no matter whether it is Ginkgo biloba or high-yield gardens, leaf gardens, or harvest gardens, the standardization of fertilization and quantification are the trends in the production and management of ginkgo biloba. However, in actual production in China, many factors are often used to analyze and predict annual production and fertilization. For example, the experience of the farmers in Lingchuan, Guangxi is: 1 kg seeds are produced, 4 kg of organic fertilizer is applied in winter and spring, and 5% of fertilizer is applied in summer and autumn. According to another test, for every 100 kilograms produced, 40 to 50 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer, 16 to 26 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer, 45 to 70 kilograms of potash, plus a certain amount of trace elements. According to calculations, each kilogram of 100 kg seeds will require 400-500 kg of organic fertilizer in winter and spring and 5-10 kg of compound fertilizer in summer and autumn. It is worth noting that the simple application of chemical fertilizers in Ginkgo biloba is not a fundamental measure and must be dominated by organic fertilizers. Combining the improvement and maturation of soil is the prerequisite for fertilization. In particular, the cultivation of green manure not only has high fertilizer efficiency, but also improves the soil and enhances Ginkgo biloba. Production stamina. In Japan, fertilization of different tree ages of Ginkgo biloba has been standardized. Different fertilization rates and N, P and K ratios in different tree ages were different. As the age of trees increased, the proportions of N and K increased appropriately, and the proportion of P decreased accordingly.
(3) Fertilization methods Fertilization methods, like other fruit trees, are divided into soil fertilization and root dressing. Soil fertilization contains both mechanical and inorganic fertilizers, of which the base fertilizer is mainly applied to the soil. The top dressing is mainly inorganic fertilizer, and most of it is top dressing. There are many methods for fertilizing the soil, such as ditching, hole application, and garden spreading, etc. The extra-root fertilizer is determined according to specific conditions.
1 root fertilization:
a. Trench fertilization: fertilization with radial grooves, annular grooves and strip grooves. Radial fertilization, with the trunk as the center, is radioactively ditched around the crown, shallow from the inner trunk of the trunk, about 15 cm deep, the depth of the outer groove of the crown from the projection to the depth of the projection, depth of about 40 cm, groove width of 40 cm, outside Groove can be appropriately relaxed. Fertilizers are placed in trenches and the trenches can be replaced every year or sequentially. This method is suitable for fertilizing adult gardens. Ring groove fertilization is to drill 20 cm wide and 40 cm wide annular grooves on the outside of the crown projection, and then fertilize and then cover the soil. This fertilization method is suitable for saplings, and should be moved out of the annular groove year after year with the growth of age. Similar to deep plowing in soil management, it is only required for fertilization, and most of them are used in combination. Strip fertilization is to dig a fertilization ditch on both sides of the canopy (east-west or north-south direction). The depth and width of the ditch are each 40 cm. The length of the ditch depends on the size of the tree crown. After the ditch is dug, the fertilizer is filled into the ditch and covered with soil. The direction of the strip groove can be changed every year, generally combined with deep turning.
b. Cone hole fertilization: with a special fertilizer cone, punch evenly under the canopy, 20 centimeters deep or deeper, and apply manure and animal manure, cake fertilizer or chemical fertilizer to each hole. The method can be applied deeply without damaging the roots or rarely injuring the roots. The unit soil has a high concentration of fertilizers to facilitate infiltration and root absorption. It can also improve root ventilation and promote subsequential growth.
c. The garden is spread: Spread the fertilizer evenly inside and outside the canopy, and combine the loose soil to turn the fertilizer into the soil. The roots of the close planting garden cover the entire garden. This fertilization method is more appropriate. If fertilizing in arid gardens, appropriate irrigation is required.
2 outside the top dressing: that is sprayed on the foliage, is a fertilization method of spraying liquid fertilizer on the canopy. This fertilization method is suitable for: when the temperature rises and the ground temperature is low; the soil is dry and the irrigation conditions are poor, especially the fertilizers and trace elements that are easy to produce biological and chemical fixation in the soil; the tree lacks certain elements, especially Trace elements. In addition, the top dressing fertilizer can also increase the seeding rate, promote the increase of seed, improve quality, and promote flower bud differentiation.
Generally before the hard-core stage, extra-root fertilization is more appropriate. In order to increase the absorption rate, it is advisable to add a sticking agent, such as washing powder, etc., at the time of spray application. After the spray, the rain will reduce the effect. Therefore, full consideration should be given. Here are some common top dressings and concentrations.
Nitrogen injection commonly used concentration 0.3% ~ 0.5% urea. After spraying, the leaf color concentration promotes photosynthesis and extends the lifespan and vitality of the leaves. It also increases leaf area and leaf thickness. Leaf sprayed urea can be applied once a month, starting from artificial pollination in late April and ending from September to October.
K2SO4, KNO3, KH2PO4 and ash leaching solution are commonly used for potassium spraying, and the concentration is 0.3%~0.5%. They are sprayed respectively in late May to early June and mid-to-late July. The purpose of potassium spraying is to promote seed growth and seed nucleation. Develop and delay leaf senescence. It can also be sprayed alternately with urea.
Phosphorus spray commonly used superphosphate, the concentration of 0.5% to 1%. Phosphorus is less mobile in soil, so the effect of extra-root spray is good. From the middle of June to the middle of August, two times, if KH2PO4 is used, a concentration of 0.3% to 0.5% is appropriate. Phosphorus can improve nitrogen status in the tree, promote carbohydrate transport, promote new root production and root growth. Phosphorus can also increase irreducible water and soluble sugar content in the body and improve the stress resistance of Ginkgo biloba. Judging from current research status and production, supplementing the tree with appropriate boron is beneficial for pollination and fertilization. Boron promotes pollen germination and pollen tube extension. Spraying 1% concentration of boric acid after germination and flowering of Ginkgo biloba occurs. Spray 0.25%~0.5% borax after each flowering period, and add the same concentration of lime water. In the absence of iron or zinc deficiency, the leaves spray 0.3% ~ 0.5% ferrous sulfate or 0.5% zinc sulfate, and mixed with the same concentration of lime water, the effect is better. In addition, there are spray manganese, magnesium and so on.
As China's potash fertilizer mainly relies on imports, it is far from the actual demand. Therefore, experts have pointed out that the gene transfer of grain-enriched grains of potassium-rich plants is an important way to solve the contradiction of potassium shortage in China. Academician Chen Ziyuan and other experts believe that this research and development will have a huge impact on China's research and application of nuclear agriculture, and it has practical significance and great effect in solving China's shortage of potash fertilizer, saving foreign exchange, and increasing crop yield and quality.
Bear Bile,Bird'S Nest,Velvet Antler,Animal Species
Henan Qiancuntang medicial technology co.ltd. , https://www.qctchineseherb.com