Polysaccharides are widely present in animal cell membranes, plants, and microbial cell walls. So far, hundreds of polysaccharides have been isolated and purified from nature. Polysaccharides are not only important constituents of living organisms, but also have a wide range of biological activities, such as immune regulation. Anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-tumor, anti-coagulation, anti-oxidation, anti-radiation, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-parasitic and so on. As a non-cytotoxic substance, polysaccharides have almost no toxic side effects on normal cells. In the past ten years, Chinese medicine polysaccharides have made gratifying progress in veterinary clinical applications, and are summarized as follows. ?
1 Effect of Polysaccharides of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Immune Response of Livestock and Poultry Vaccines?
In veterinary hygiene prevention measures, the specific prevention of multiple viruses and bacterial diseases of livestock and poultry plays an important role. In many cases, such as animals and poultry in an immunodeficient state, the custody of vaccines, improper transport methods and errors in inoculation methods, and lack of strict control over the biological activity of vaccines, it is often impossible to establish a sufficient immune environment in livestock and poultry. Caused a drop in immunity. The polysaccharide has many biological activities, it can regulate the body's immune function. Mainly affect the reticuloendothelial system, macrophages, lymphocytes, leukocytes and DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, antibody production, cAMP and cCMP content, the formation of complement and the role of interferon induced. Therefore, the use of polysaccharides in conjunction with vaccines will have a multiplier effect. ??
Carrollton Research Institute and Texas AδM University studied acemannan extracted from aloe vera and found that it is easily ingested by immune cells, thus greatly enhancing the host animal's immune response to invading microorganisms (such as viruses). Acetoglycans were used in combination with chicken Marek's vaccine and the immunity was generated 3 days earlier than those who received only Marek's vaccine. Acemannan was injected into 1-day-old chicks and then inoculated with Newcastle disease B1 vaccine using the coarse-grained aerosol method. As a result, the immune response was enhanced. Chinnah (1992) combined aloe polysaccharides with ND-IBD-IB (chicken Newcastle disease-bursitis-infectious bronchitis) triple vaccines and found that aloe polysaccharides can significantly increase the titer of ND antibody, and IBD antibody retention time is significantly prolonged. Yang Hanchun et al. reported that corn pollen polysaccharide (PPC) was co-administered with Newcastle Disease and Egg Drop Syndrome Vaccine. On the 60th day after immunization, PPC had a significant increase in the immune effect of ND and EDS76 compared with the control group (P).
2 Effect of polysaccharides on growth of livestock and poultry?
Hu Tingjun et al. reported that after 8801 polysaccharide 200 mg/kg dose was administered intramuscularly to Isa brown chickens, there was no adverse reaction, the organs were normal, and there was a significant weight gain effect during the observation period of 60 days. Yeast polysaccharide (YPS) was intragastrically administered at 20 mg/kg between 6 to 15, 18 to 27, and 30 to 39 days of chicks. The volume of the perfusate was 1 ml, and the average body weight of the chicks increased by 7.78% after 50 days of feeding. P
3 The effect of polysaccharides on the growth and development of livestock and poultry immune organs
Polysaccharides have a promoting effect on the development of immune organs, but the source of polysaccharides is different, or because of different extraction methods, their biological activities are not the same, and the impact on the development of immune organs is also different. Zhang Yuntao et al. reported that 0.1% and 0.5% zymosan were added to the drinking water of egg-laying chicks respectively. The results showed that zymosan had a significant effect on the maturation of the immune system of chickens. Thymus, spleen, and Fab were added in 0.1% of the chickens. The weight or area of ​​cystic and cecal tonsils were 22.48%, 10.01%, 11.81%, and 28.55% higher than the control group, respectively (P<0.01). Zhang Lecui and other studies have shown that the astragalus polysaccharides, lentinan, compound Chinese medicine polysaccharides (astragalus polysaccharides and lentinan mixed by a certain ratio), physiological saline were 200 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 0.2 Ml/Intramuscular injection of healthy Roman chickens only. The results showed that compared with the control group, the weight of the three traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides increased by 130.5 mg, 118.5 mg and 177.5 mg, respectively, and the cyst volume increased by 70.7 mg, 33 mg and 90.9 respectively. Mg. Li Hongquan (2001) reported that APS can significantly promote the development of the chicken's spleen and bursa bursa, resist damage to immune organs by immunosuppressive agents or repair damaged immune organs, restore the normal tissue structure of immune organs, and maintain the body's Normal immune function. Zhang Lecui and other studies confirmed that the healthy chickens are injected intramuscularly with Newcastle disease (ND) astragalus polysaccharide adjuvant oil emulsion vaccine, ND lentinan adjuvant oil emulsion vaccine, ND compound polysaccharide (mixed with astragalus polysaccharides and lentinan in a certain proportion) Adjuvant oil emulsion vaccine, ND oil emulsion vaccine (control) and physiological saline (blank control) were used to weigh the spleen and Fabricius after 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35 days after injection. The results showed that As an adjuvant to Newcastle disease oil emulsion, the weight of immune organs and the ratio of weight to weight of immune organs were significantly increased. The weight gain of compound Chinese medicinal polysaccharides on the spleen and bursa of Fabricius was better than that of a single polysaccharide, and its effect on antibody levels was similar. The increase in the weight of immune organs is consistent. Hao Yongqing et al. Injected water-soluble polysaccharides into broilers to observe the histological observation of immune organs of broilers. Compared with the control group, the thymus glands developed well, the cortex was thicker, lymphocytes were denser, and thymus bodies were more; The red and white marrow of the spleen have distinct boundaries, with a large number of lymphoid nodules, abundant lymphoid tissue sheaths around the animal, dense splenic lymphocytes, and well-developed spleen; large folds of the bursa of the Fabricius, marked demarcation of the cortex and medulla, and dense lymphocytes. Dannews's follicles are large and dense; cecal tonsils develop well, with abundant lymphocytes and lymph nodules, and lymph nodes at the tips of the villi.
4 Chinese traditional medicine polysaccharides on chicken flu poisoning?
Wang Jianping, Liu Chunji, etc. gave Roman egg brown chicks Chinese medicine polysaccharides and ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, respectively, to study the effects of Chinese traditional medicine polysaccharides and ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on chick fluorosis. The results found that traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide high fluoride group and simple high fluoride group In comparison, the visceral organs (pectoral muscles, leg muscles, liver, glandular stomach, muscle stomach, spleen, thymus, bursa, etc.) were lightly affected, and the chickens developed well, grew well, and had more fecal fluorine emission. ?
5 Outlook?
5.1 Build a New Vaccine?
With the development of animal husbandry and aquaculture to industrial production, new problems have emerged in the prevention of immunization. Among them, the selection of the best immunization route is more important than the natural infection pathway that mimics pathogens as much as possible. Recently, oral mucosal immunity has been shown to be advantageous for a large number of livestock and poultry infectious diseases. Due to the existence of general immunoregulatory and promoting effects and specific compositional structures of biological polysaccharides, it is possible to use the structural composition of polysaccharides to construct suitable vaccines (not only as adjuvants). Polysaccharides are used for vaccine construction and release into mucosal induction sites to stimulate the host's protective immune response upon infection of the mucosal surface.
5.2 Develop new drugs?
The polysaccharide can be sulfated by four methods such as concentrated sulfuric acid method, sulfur trioxide-pyridine method, chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method and sulfur trioxide-dimethylformamide method to form polysaccharide sulfate, which obviously inhibits the virus. effect. For example, Achyranthes bidentis polysaccharides can significantly inhibit the activity of hepatitis B virus HBA and HBA, and has obvious inhibitory effect on type I herpes simplex virus. Sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Prunella vulgaris have an inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For the propagation of viruses, the optimum concentrations of iron and zinc are required. These metals are necessary for large amounts of enzymatic reactions. If the concentration of iron and zinc is directly increased or decreased, the virus growth can be suppressed. Nickel and cobalt are known to be insufficient, which can exacerbate the lack of zinc, increase the concentration of iron, and inhibit the absorption of cobalt. Based on this, it is possible to complex the polysaccharide with iron as a ligand to form a complex with iron ions as the center, act on the virus, and take away the zinc ions, thereby inhibiting the reduction of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleosides. Acid, corresponding inhibition of viral DNA synthesis, to inhibit the role of the virus. Polysaccharides can also be used as new excipients for controlled release sustained release formulations. The pharmaceutical excipients determine the quality of new formulations and new preparations to a considerable degree, while polysaccharides not only have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer effects, but also can enhance the body's non-specific or specific immune function, protect cell damage and other functions. The use of polysaccharides as excipients not only has the general advantages of controlled-release sustained-release preparations, but also can greatly improve the efficacy of drugs due to its regulation of immune function. ?
After China's accession to the WTO, the requirements for various drugs and health products have become more stringent, and the problem of residues of drugs and health products and side effects in animal products has been a problem that needs to be solved in the field of drug research. Polysaccharides as natural products have small toxic and side effects. No residues, etc., have been recognized internationally. Therefore, the application of polysaccharides in Chinese medicine will certainly make new progress.
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