Chinese name: sunflower sclerotinia crop damage: sunflower damage symptoms: root rot from the seedling stage to harvest can occur. At the onset of seedling stage, the buds and radicles have brown spots, which are immersed in water, and the lesions spread quickly and rot. The seedlings cannot be excavated. Although the disease is light, it can be unearthed, but as the lesions expand, the ring buckles and the seedlings wilting and die. At the onset of adulthood, the roots or bases of the stems develop brown lesions that gradually spread to other parts of the roots and stems. The lesions are brown and can spread upwards and to the left and right when spreading to the stems. There are concentric ring patterns and lesions can be as long as possible. 1 meter or so. After the disease part of the white silk reel, after the formation of black sclerotia, seriously ill strain withered dead, stem tissue decay and easy to break, there are black sclerotia. Stem rot usually occurs in the stem, the upper part of the lesion, oval, brown, after the expansion, there is a concentric ring pattern, the lesion surface rarely sclerotia. The lesion can also be enlarged to the buckle, and the piece is wilting and dead. The central hazel brown lesions of the lesions are oval, brown, and slightly concentric. When the humidity is high, it spreads quickly to the whole leaf. When the weather is slightly dry, the lesion splits from the middle, falls off and forms a perforation. The flower rot type produces a brown, round, water-soaked lesion on the back of the disk, which gradually expands up to the full disk, causing the tissue to soften and rot, and white hyphae appear when the air is wet. The hyphae can pass through the disk and spread between the seed and finally form a reticular black sclerotia. Inside and outside the disk can form black sclerotia of different sizes. In the end, due to the discontinuity of the flower plate, the Fruit could not mature. Some fruits also had sclerotia inside and outside, and the kernels were brown. Pathogenic morphological features: LJclerotiniasclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary caused by fungal parasitism. The sclerotia can germinate to produce apocystic discs, which are coccus sticks, colorless and silky in color. Ascospores cells, elliptical, colorless disease characteristics: diseased seedlings sclerotia wintering in the soil and inside and outside the seed, in the second spring, sclerotia direct production of mycelium invade the seedling radicle caused by root rot Sclerotinia, but also Infected adult roots or rhizomes spread, - until harvest. Reports or stems and leaves of diseased or diseased plants can spread and invade through contact with each other. When the conditions are suitable, the sclerotia can germinate to form a sac-like sac and continue to form ascospores. With the airflow, stems, leaves, and flower discs cause stem rot, leaf rot, and flower rot. Finally, sclerotia are formed over winter. The occurrence and development of sclerotial sclerotia are closely related to climatic conditions. From June to September, the rainfall was heavy, and the rainfall was heavy. When the humidity was high, the disease was serious. The heavy squatting and low-lying terrain also increased the incidence. Control methods Sunflower sclerotinia has a wide range of pathogens and many channels of infection (seeds, soil, and air flow are all contagious). The host's disease-affecting stage takes place every year during the rainy season, and prevention and control are difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive prevention and control method: (1) rotation for 2 to 3 years or more, do not rotate with crops such as Leguminosae, Solanaceae, etc., and can rotate with grass crops. (2) Plant and breed disease-resistant varieties such as Solanum hybrida. (3) Remove the remaining diseased plant, deeply buried or burned to reduce the bacteria source. (4) From the disease-free flower discs, the seed sclerotia was screened before sowing, or 50% carbendazim was used for seed dressing at 0.5% of seed weight. (5) Increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase disease resistance. (6) Proper late sowing will extend the sowing period until late May, staggering the flowering and rainy seasons. (7) Flowering spraying should be sprayed immediately when there is a lot of rain during flowering period. It can use 50% sclerotia net 500 times solution, 50% fast keratin or 50% ethylene bacilli, and 800-1000 times liquid. After the flowering period, it was sprayed 2-3 times, with an interval of 7 days. The effect was significant. Common Agents: Vinyl Sclerotium
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