The fattening beef cattle includes young cattle, adult cattle and old disabled cattle. The purpose of fattening is to scientifically apply feed and management techniques to obtain the highest possible daily weight gain with as little feed consumption as possible, increase the slaughter rate, and produce a large amount of high quality beef.
(a) Management
1. Beef fattening season is the best in autumn, followed by spring and winter. If the summer temperature exceeds 30°C, beef cattle have fast metabolism and low feed returns. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of preventing heatstroke.
2. Castration has shown in recent years that bull fattening before 2 years of age results in fast growth, high lean percentage, and high feed rewards. Bulls over 2 years of age should be fattened after finishing, otherwise inconvenient management would make Gang B have Smell, affecting carcass quality.
3. Insect repellent (including in vivo and ectoparasites) before insecticide and fattening, and strictly clean and disinfect the premises. Commonly used anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, trichlorfon, and terpene.
4. Exercise should minimize its activities in order to reduce the consumption of nutrients and improve the fattening effect. The method adopted is that each time after feeding, each single wooden stake is tied or circled in the rest column. In order to reduce its range of motion, the length of the reins is better if the cow can lie down.
5. Brushing brush can increase the blood circulation of cattle and increase the intake of cattle. Brush must adhere to 1-2 times a day.
(II) Feeding Technology
1. Feed Mixing and Mixing In the feeding of fattening cattle, concentrate, coarse material, bad residue, silage, and hay feed can be fed separately; it can also be mixed and mixed and fed, and various types of fattening cattle rations can be formed. Feed, according to the proportion (accurate weighing) all mixed, mixed and fed. The so-called mixing evenly, when there is mechanical mixing, at least 3 minutes to start the machine; in the manual operation, should be stirred at least 3 times (stirred all the feed 3 times), in order to see the feed pile has a variety of feed levels prevail. In such feeds, cattle will not be picky eaters, and the ratio of feedstuffs to feedstuffed cattle will be basically the same, which will increase the uniformity of growth and development of fattening cattle.
2. Dry seasonings and wet mixes can be fed with dry or wet ingredients when feeding fattening cattle. The ideal fattening cattle feed should be fed whole-age silage corn or bad residue feed all year round. Therefore, protein feeds (cotton seed cakes, flax cakes, sunflower seed cakes), energy feeds (corn flour, barley flour), silage, bad feed, mineral additives, and other feeds are weighed in proportions before feeding Tossed back and forth 3 times back and forth, when the mixture of various feeds (moisture content 40% to 50%, semi-dry semi-dry), the best feeding cows. Fattening cattle should not eat dry powdered feeds, because it sucks while eating, and it is very easy to blow up the powdery material and also affect the breathing of the cattle themselves.
The fattening cattle must pay special attention to the semi-dry mix when they eat, to prevent the mixture from producing heat during fermentation, and the palatability of the feed after fermentation is greatly reduced, which affects the amount of food consumed by the cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to use multiple ingredients, each with a smaller amount, to meet the 4-6 hours feed intake of cattle, and then use it for mixing; spread the mix in the shade, 10 Thickness is good.
3. Feeding times The number of feeds for fattening cattle is currently 2 or 3 times daily in China, and a few are free to eat. Free-feeding can meet the nutritional needs of cattle growth and development. Therefore, they grow faster, the slaughter rate of cattle is higher, meat is produced more, and fattening cattle can be slaughtered in a relatively short period of time. When restricted breeding, cattle cannot feed according to their own requirements. feed. Therefore, the growth rate of cattle is limited.
The average daily weight gain of the free-feeding group was 296 grams higher than that of the restricted food group. From the standard deviation of the body weight of the cattle, it can be seen that the free-grazing cow has better uniformity than the restricted-eating cow. The slaughter string of the free-breeding group was 7.71% higher than that of the limited-food group, and the net meat rate was 7.59%. The difference was very significant. Therefore, the free intake of fattened cattle can produce 13.9 kilograms of beef. According to 10% of China's annual slaughtering of 20 million heads, only one feeding method can increase beef production by 27,800 tons. Feeding beef cattle with the free-feeding method, the weight of the needles (glute), rice dragons, and sirloin were all greater than those of the restricted-education group.
4. The feeding method places the proportioned foods on the side of the beef trough, and uses less feed to feed them, so that the cattle always have a sense of inadequacy, and they compete for food without being anorexic or critical. However, when feeding less, pay attention to the eating habits of the cows. The general rule is that the amount of feed intake in the morning is large, so the first time in the morning, the amount of feed should be more, and too little will easily cause the cattle to compete against the top of the ladder; Before the staff rests, the amount of material added last time is more, because cattle also feed at night.
5. Feed replacement There are few feedstuffs that have homogeneity on the cattle farm. The same feed is used for the feed from the fattening cow to the slaughter; on the other hand, as the weight of the cow increases, the proportion of various feeds will also be adjusted so that the fattening Feeding changes often occur during cattle feeding. However, the replacement of feed should be gradually replaced, and must not be abruptly changed to disrupt the original eating habits of cattle. There should be a transition period of 3-5 days, gradually allowing the cattle to adapt to the newly replaced feed. During the feed replacement period, the feeding and management staff are required to observe and find abnormalities, and measures should be taken in time to minimize the losses caused to the cattle-raising person by changing the feed.
6. The source of drinking water for fattening cattle is three sources: metabolic water, feed water and drinking water. Water is cheap resources,? Si choke shallow metal cap 31 Locust Maid? Postscript Xuan? Die 5 is satisfied? Shi â’‚? H York temperature? Wen? Evanescent R & lt chessboard ?? ?? ?? ã„— take along meters heteroaryl tip hairpin? Shu chamber Tè¯¿æ‰›é› è°§ è°§ @ è°§ è°§ è‹‹ K K 庖 庖 庖 æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·–? clams ┧? Qiao benches is the deep? Yun fluttering? Chik hoarse clams bear?! ?? floating exchange Xiaoshan cold northern winter, free drinking water will be difficult, only the timing of drinking water, but at least three times a day.
Winter water temperatures, according to research data, winter cattle drink warm water (15 ℃), drink ice water, eating snow three cases, the rate of weight gain fattening cattle found no differences. So winter fattening cattle can drink cold water, do not have heating.
7. Pastoral grazing fattening in local conditions, relying on cheap grassland resources, the use of grazing on one side, while the feeding of fattening way, can receive good results.
Timing: fattening grazing time should be chosen every year from July to October, this time pastoral lush grass, grass seed in particular, should be placed on fattening period.
Grazing methods: early grazing, rest in the pasture in the noon, feed to the trough at night, the daily grazing distance should not exceed 4-5 km.
The use of pasture feed: temporarily build cattle troughs in the grazing land, supplement the mixed concentrates on the spot, save the cattle running back and forth and consume physical energy, when feeding, one head and one trough, to avoid fighting the material fighting; Different body weights, based on dry matter, for every 100 kg of body weight, 1% to 1.5% of body weight; full water should be added.
Timely slaughter: When the temperature drops to around 7°C, it should be sold or slaughtered.
(a) Management
1. Beef fattening season is the best in autumn, followed by spring and winter. If the summer temperature exceeds 30°C, beef cattle have fast metabolism and low feed returns. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of preventing heatstroke.
2. Castration has shown in recent years that bull fattening before 2 years of age results in fast growth, high lean percentage, and high feed rewards. Bulls over 2 years of age should be fattened after finishing, otherwise inconvenient management would make Gang B have Smell, affecting carcass quality.
3. Insect repellent (including in vivo and ectoparasites) before insecticide and fattening, and strictly clean and disinfect the premises. Commonly used anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, trichlorfon, and terpene.
4. Exercise should minimize its activities in order to reduce the consumption of nutrients and improve the fattening effect. The method adopted is that each time after feeding, each single wooden stake is tied or circled in the rest column. In order to reduce its range of motion, the length of the reins is better if the cow can lie down.
5. Brushing brush can increase the blood circulation of cattle and increase the intake of cattle. Brush must adhere to 1-2 times a day.
(II) Feeding Technology
1. Feed Mixing and Mixing In the feeding of fattening cattle, concentrate, coarse material, bad residue, silage, and hay feed can be fed separately; it can also be mixed and mixed and fed, and various types of fattening cattle rations can be formed. Feed, according to the proportion (accurate weighing) all mixed, mixed and fed. The so-called mixing evenly, when there is mechanical mixing, at least 3 minutes to start the machine; in the manual operation, should be stirred at least 3 times (stirred all the feed 3 times), in order to see the feed pile has a variety of feed levels prevail. In such feeds, cattle will not be picky eaters, and the ratio of feedstuffs to feedstuffed cattle will be basically the same, which will increase the uniformity of growth and development of fattening cattle.
2. Dry seasonings and wet mixes can be fed with dry or wet ingredients when feeding fattening cattle. The ideal fattening cattle feed should be fed whole-age silage corn or bad residue feed all year round. Therefore, protein feeds (cotton seed cakes, flax cakes, sunflower seed cakes), energy feeds (corn flour, barley flour), silage, bad feed, mineral additives, and other feeds are weighed in proportions before feeding Tossed back and forth 3 times back and forth, when the mixture of various feeds (moisture content 40% to 50%, semi-dry semi-dry), the best feeding cows. Fattening cattle should not eat dry powdered feeds, because it sucks while eating, and it is very easy to blow up the powdery material and also affect the breathing of the cattle themselves.
The fattening cattle must pay special attention to the semi-dry mix when they eat, to prevent the mixture from producing heat during fermentation, and the palatability of the feed after fermentation is greatly reduced, which affects the amount of food consumed by the cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to use multiple ingredients, each with a smaller amount, to meet the 4-6 hours feed intake of cattle, and then use it for mixing; spread the mix in the shade, 10 Thickness is good.
3. Feeding times The number of feeds for fattening cattle is currently 2 or 3 times daily in China, and a few are free to eat. Free-feeding can meet the nutritional needs of cattle growth and development. Therefore, they grow faster, the slaughter rate of cattle is higher, meat is produced more, and fattening cattle can be slaughtered in a relatively short period of time. When restricted breeding, cattle cannot feed according to their own requirements. feed. Therefore, the growth rate of cattle is limited.
The average daily weight gain of the free-feeding group was 296 grams higher than that of the restricted food group. From the standard deviation of the body weight of the cattle, it can be seen that the free-grazing cow has better uniformity than the restricted-eating cow. The slaughter string of the free-breeding group was 7.71% higher than that of the limited-food group, and the net meat rate was 7.59%. The difference was very significant. Therefore, the free intake of fattened cattle can produce 13.9 kilograms of beef. According to 10% of China's annual slaughtering of 20 million heads, only one feeding method can increase beef production by 27,800 tons. Feeding beef cattle with the free-feeding method, the weight of the needles (glute), rice dragons, and sirloin were all greater than those of the restricted-education group.
4. The feeding method places the proportioned foods on the side of the beef trough, and uses less feed to feed them, so that the cattle always have a sense of inadequacy, and they compete for food without being anorexic or critical. However, when feeding less, pay attention to the eating habits of the cows. The general rule is that the amount of feed intake in the morning is large, so the first time in the morning, the amount of feed should be more, and too little will easily cause the cattle to compete against the top of the ladder; Before the staff rests, the amount of material added last time is more, because cattle also feed at night.
5. Feed replacement There are few feedstuffs that have homogeneity on the cattle farm. The same feed is used for the feed from the fattening cow to the slaughter; on the other hand, as the weight of the cow increases, the proportion of various feeds will also be adjusted so that the fattening Feeding changes often occur during cattle feeding. However, the replacement of feed should be gradually replaced, and must not be abruptly changed to disrupt the original eating habits of cattle. There should be a transition period of 3-5 days, gradually allowing the cattle to adapt to the newly replaced feed. During the feed replacement period, the feeding and management staff are required to observe and find abnormalities, and measures should be taken in time to minimize the losses caused to the cattle-raising person by changing the feed.
6. The source of drinking water for fattening cattle is three sources: metabolic water, feed water and drinking water. Water is cheap resources,? Si choke shallow metal cap 31 Locust Maid? Postscript Xuan? Die 5 is satisfied? Shi â’‚? H York temperature? Wen? Evanescent R & lt chessboard ?? ?? ?? ã„— take along meters heteroaryl tip hairpin? Shu chamber Tè¯¿æ‰›é› è°§ è°§ @ è°§ è°§ è‹‹ K K 庖 庖 庖 æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·– æ·–? clams ┧? Qiao benches is the deep? Yun fluttering? Chik hoarse clams bear?! ?? floating exchange Xiaoshan cold northern winter, free drinking water will be difficult, only the timing of drinking water, but at least three times a day.
Winter water temperatures, according to research data, winter cattle drink warm water (15 ℃), drink ice water, eating snow three cases, the rate of weight gain fattening cattle found no differences. So winter fattening cattle can drink cold water, do not have heating.
7. Pastoral grazing fattening in local conditions, relying on cheap grassland resources, the use of grazing on one side, while the feeding of fattening way, can receive good results.
Timing: fattening grazing time should be chosen every year from July to October, this time pastoral lush grass, grass seed in particular, should be placed on fattening period.
Grazing methods: early grazing, rest in the pasture in the noon, feed to the trough at night, the daily grazing distance should not exceed 4-5 km.
The use of pasture feed: temporarily build cattle troughs in the grazing land, supplement the mixed concentrates on the spot, save the cattle running back and forth and consume physical energy, when feeding, one head and one trough, to avoid fighting the material fighting; Different body weights, based on dry matter, for every 100 kg of body weight, 1% to 1.5% of body weight; full water should be added.
Timely slaughter: When the temperature drops to around 7°C, it should be sold or slaughtered.
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