I. Bacterial Diseases 1. The pathogenic bacteria are widely distributed in nature and spread by pests and operators. They are susceptible to high temperatures and high humidity, and occur severely in summer and autumn. At the beginning of the disease, the yellow-brown discoloration area appeared in the cap, and it turned into a dark brown, discolored spot. Control methods: control the relative humidity of the air, especially in the late growth period of the mushroom, the humidity of the mushroom house should not exceed 85%, and the surface area of ​​the mushroom cover should be too wet to reduce the humidity fluctuation. After the onset, spray with 600 times liquid bleach. 2. Dry rot is also called dry stiff. Mushrooms in the affected area are deformed, brownish, and the caps are skewed. The base of the stipe grows and gradually shrinks and dries up, losing its food value. Control methods: It is mainly to isolate and prevent the mycelial connection between the ward and the non-disease area. When the box is planted, the dry rot will not spread if the hyphae do not contact each other; in the bed of the mushroom, it is separated by a plastic film at intervals, which can also prevent the spread. Second, fungal diseases 1. Brown rot, also known as white rot, blisters. The pathogenic spores are carried into the mushroom house through the cover soil and spread by air and pests. The disease is generally caused by the impassability of air in the mushroom room or the occurrence of high temperature and high humidity. Characterized by: forming a large number of white mycelium on the mushroom bed, after the disease, the fruiting body of the fruit stalk is swollen into a blister, and when it is serious, it forms a deformed mushroom, turns brown, or forms a white flocculent ball with a stipe of stipe. . Control methods: Disinfection of overburden. The cover soil was placed in an empty room and mixed with 5 ml of formaldehyde plus 3 g of potassium permanganate per square meter for 24 hours before being used. If mushrooms are found on the mushroom bed, the water spray should be stopped immediately. The ventilation should be cooled to below 15°C, the humidity should not exceed 85%, and 1～2% formaldehyde should be sprayed in the ward. Mushrooms with severe disease should be replaced with cover soil, burned mushrooms, and all mushroom beds should be disinfected with 4% formaldehyde. 2. Most of the spores of soft rot are spread through air currents and splashed water droplets. Overburden and low temperature and high humidity are prone to the disease. If it is not dealt with promptly, the germs will spread quickly and turn into red water. After the fruiting body is infected, it gradually turns brown until it rots. Control methods: reduce the water spray on the bed, strengthen the ventilation of the mushroom house, and reduce the earth surface and air humidity. The site of disease lime or spray 4% formaldehyde, can also be sprayed carbendazim or thiophanate or ulcer 500 times. 3. Brown spot disease, also known as dry gun disease, verticillitis. The spores of pathogenic bacteria often adhere to piles and spread mainly through splashes of water droplets and mushroom fly, mussels, human hands, and tools. Occurred in the late cultivation period, after the onset of the disease, the first to produce a lot of irregular needle-like brown spots on the cap, after the spot gradually expanded, and produce depressions, depressions are grayish white. Mushrooms are often chapped, the caps are skewed, and the stalks are peeled off. Control methods: Strictly prevent mushroom fly from entering the mushroom body; all tools are disinfected with 4% formaldehyde solution; the disease has been sprayed with 500 times liquid carbendazim. III. Physiological Diseases 1. Hard-opened mushrooms encounter abnormal weather. The phenomenon of young fruiting bodies opening an umbrella early is called hard open parachute. Generally above 18°C, temperature difference is about 10°C, or occurs under sudden temperature drop. Control methods: Do a good job of insulation before the temperature changes, and increase the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house. 2. The reason for the formation of malformed mushroom is that the thickness of the soil is different, and the part of the mushroom is low; the carbon dioxide content of the mushroom house exceeds 0.3% and the phytotoxicity and disease, pest formation. Control methods: Pay attention to the quality and ventilation of the earth covering, avoid harmful gases from entering the mushroom house; pay attention to the control of pests and diseases. 3. Thin-shelled mushrooms can occur throughout the fruiting stage. The main reason is that the temperature in the mushroom house is high or low, or the ventilation on the bed surface is excessive. Control methods: Strengthen ventilation at high temperatures; when the temperature is low or when there is strong wind, the mushroom house should be kept warm and moisturized. 4. Landmine mushroom fruiting body in the material or under the cover soil, mushroom shape is not round, this mushroom quality is poor, fruiting thin. The reason is that the culture material is too wet, the material is mixed with soil, the mushroom house is excessively ventilated, the temperature is too low, and the covering soil is too late, causing the mushroom to grow too early, and the mushroom position to be too low. Control methods: culture materials can not be too wet or mixed with mud blocks; mushroom room proper ventilation; coarse soil transfer, reduce ventilation, maintain about 85% of the relative humidity of the air, to promote the growth of mycelium to the rough soil. 5. Red root rust occurs in the late stage of fruiting. At this time, the temperature is low, evaporation water is small, hypha viability is poor, water absorption capacity is weak, and fruiting is slow. If too much water or sudden changes in the climate, the acidity of the material is high, it will happen. Control methods: spray water should be appropriate, when the acidity of the material is high, lime water should be used to adjust the pH value in time. 6. The reason why the mycelium grows is due to poor ventilation and excessive humidity on the soil surface. Prevention methods: After ventilation, the ventilation is strengthened, the temperature and humidity are reduced, and the carbon dioxide concentration is reduced. The growth of hyphae is inhibited and the formation of fruit bodies is promoted. The hyphae that have caked on them are cut in time with a knife and sprayed with water and ventilation. 4. Viral diseases are transmitted through fungal spores and mycelium. After the mycelium is infected with the virus, no fruiting bodies can be formed. After the bacterial buds are infected with the virus, the fruit bodies are deformed, or the stipe is very long, the umbrella is opened very early, or the stipe is very small, or the lower part of the stipe is sharpened, or The central stalk of the stipe grows into a barrel shape and an altar shape, which finally causes the mushroom body to shrink into a sponge shape. Severe virus-infected mushroom beds often appear as large, mushroom-free areas. Control methods: After the virus disease is found, the mushrooms must be harvested before the opening of the umbrella to prevent the spores from spreading out of the diseased mushrooms; fumigation of all culture bedsteads with low-dose methyl bromide; sterilization of all utensils. If the morbidity and spread are serious, depending on the highly specific characteristics of the virus's parasitic infestation, changing the cultivated species can prevent the disease.
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