The promotion of new technologies for agricultural mechanization
Straw is an important by-product of crops, and it is also an important production resource for industrial and agricultural production. As a resource, crop stalks can be used as raw materials for fertilizers, feeds, living fuels, and papermaking, charcoal, building materials, and weaving, etc. .
According to statistics, China's current annual output of straw is about 620 million tons, and its nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is equivalent to more than 4 million tons of urea, more than 7 million tons of superphosphate, and more than 7 million tons of potassium sulfate. If 50% of the straw is returned in various ways, the equivalent of more than 9 million tons of fertilizer will be invested. In the actual production, on the one hand, the content of soil organic matter is reduced year by year; on the other hand, a large amount of crop straw is abandoned. Even if it is set on fire, this wastes resources and pollutes the environment. Therefore, the development and utilization of straw has become a new focus of agricultural production resources development and environmental protection.
Section I Mechanized Straw Return Technology All developed countries in the world have attached great importance to the scientific and rational structure of fertilization. Generally, the application amount of chemical fertilizers is controlled at about one-third of the total amount of fertilized fertilizer, and the amount of straw returned to soil and fertilizer is used. Two-thirds. Germany expressly stipulates that every 100 kilograms of standard fertilizer in farmland must be applied simultaneously to 1500-2000 kilograms of manure. Most of the wheat and corn stalks in the United States, Canada and other countries must be returned to the field.
The use of chemical fertilizers in China increased from an average of 10.2% per year from 1985 to 1995, far higher than the 0.2% growth rate of global chemical fertilizer use during the same period. During this period, the use of chemical fertilizers in China accounted for 7% of the world's arable land. From 14% of the world's total chemical fertilizer use to 27%, in 1994, the amount of chemical fertilizer per hectare of farmland in China has reached 349.5 kg (81 kg per hectare in developed countries in the same period, and the average world level is 91.5 kg per hectare). It has exceeded 2.8 times the world average.
Mechanized straw returning technology not only grabs crops, but also grabs accumulated temperature. It solves the problem of timely disposal of large amounts of straw on-the-spot, avoids problems such as environmental pollution caused by rot burning, and increases the soil organic matter content by providing land for large areas. Improving soil structure, fertility, and increasing crop yields have taken a new path. In addition, the mechanized straw returning technology has obvious effects in terms of drought protection, reduction of fertilizer use, saving of production costs, and protection of the ecological environment.
1. Mechanized straw smashing and field return technology Mechanized straw smashing and field return technology refers to the use of straw smashing machinery to crush and uniformly disperse the crops of crops such as corn, sorghum, and wheat after harvesting on the ground, and then use ploughs to deepen them. Buried, this is also the most widely used, the largest area of ​​use of mechanical straw return technology. The straw comminution and returning machinery used mainly includes hammer-type, claw-type, slasher-type movable knife and fixed knife cutting structure, and can perform soft and hard stalks such as wheat, corn, sorghum, rice and sugar cane leaves, vegetable stems, etc. Crush. Whether it is upright or placed in the field, the straw can be crushed evenly on the surface.
The straw crushing and returning machines that have been successively produced in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Beijing have the characteristics of stable operation, good crushing effect, and high production efficiency.
Hebei's 4F series and 4JQ series straw smashing and returning implements have the largest output, and the products have become series, which can be matched with 18.3-58.8KW tractors.
The small-sized suspended double-shaft multi-knife structure straw shredding and returning machine developed by Henan, which can be used with small four-wheel tractors, has the advantages of saving labour straw and high shredding, and the 4JM50-B straw shredding and shredding machine has increased. In the rotary tillage device, the crushed root culms within 5cm below the ground surface can be crushed and the soil can be loosened while smashing the straw.
The reversal rotary tiller machine developed by Shanghai, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, etc. can grind and burr 30 cm of wheat stubble into soil. Land preparation and straw returning are completed at one time, and it is suitable for wheat and rice field in wheat and rice continuous cropping areas.
The XFP series stalk returning machine produced in Heilongjiang can be matched with a variety of self-propelled grain combine harvesters at home and abroad. With the help of the original machine power, this implement smashes the crop and scatters it on the surface of the ground while completing the combined harvest. It has good shredding performance, even spreading, and adjustable throwing amplitude. It can be used for mechanized no-till straw to cover the field, and it can also be used to mechanize straw to pulverize and return to land. It has a wide range of application.
In recent years, the corn combine harvesters developed in Heilongjiang and Beijing have also increased the straw smashing device. When the corn is harvested, the straw is scattered and scattered on the surface.
Second, the mechanized root smashing smashing technology mechanization root smashing smashing back to the field technology is to cut off the root stalks after the mechanical smash with a plough layer of soil in a mechanized technology. It is suitable for crops such as corn, sorghum, soybeans, etc. in the rotation-tilting system. In uncultivated years, the root smashing and loosening of the soil layer can be completed at one time, and the original ridge type can be maintained. For example, an integrated work tool is used. Can complete deep loose, ridging and other projects.
In response to the thick and thick roots of corn, artificially created laborious, time-consuming and laborious conditions, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other places have developed 2-6 rows of root rake crushing and returning machines that can be matched with 8.8-58.8KW tractors. Rotary tillage depth can reach 10cm. The root can be crushed and mixed directly and evenly in the top 10cm layer. The operation quality can meet the requirements of pre-planting. The technology is suitable for ridge cultivation area In the non-ploughing years, the roots of corn and other crops are directly crushed. In general, it takes 10 man-days per hectare to manually remove corn cobs, and mechanical workers need only 0.5 man-days to return fields, a difference of 20 times.
III. Mechanized straw overall returning technology Mechanized straw returning directly to the field can be divided into two methods: overall direct burial and overall coverage. In the single-season dryland area where maize is used for wide and narrow rows, straw stalk overall mechanization and landfill technology are used. Mechanized covering and returning to the field, the corn stalks after picking were directly ploughed or buried in the ground without crushing. The technology has the characteristics of drought protection, reduction of operational links, etc. The machine tools used are high plow column deep plowing pear and Shanxi straw mulching machine.
4. The technology of straw returning from mechanized paddy fields developed in recent years in Jianguo and other places has made progress in returning straw to fields in southern paddy fields. The technology of this project is to throw wheat straw that has been mechanically harvested or threshed into the fields, and after irrigation to soften the soil and fertilize the soil. The use of a water field mulcher, a burrowing hoe or a rotary plough machine in a paddy field in both vertical and horizontal directions can achieve the ploughing requirement before planting the paddy field.
In addition to rice straw and wheat straw, paddy straw returned to the field can also be directly used for rotary tillage of the vine, green manure and field weeds. The main equipment used are 1GM-65 (125, 175) type paddy field burial machines, 1BSQ-230 (160, 120) type burial drive rakes, Dongfeng-12 type or Gongnong-12 rotary plough burying machines.
The drive disc ploughs, machine cultivators, drive rakes, and paddy ploughs that are produced in Jiangxi, Hubei, and other places are also good implements for stalk returning operations in paddy fields.
Section II Straw Feed Processing Technology Using straw to raise livestock and realize abdomen returning to the field is a kind of production mode with higher comprehensive efficiency. Currently used for feed, if it is corn straw and rice straw, it can be fed directly or after processing. There are many ways to feed and feed straw. Here are some of them.
1. The straw ammonification technology The main component of the straw is crude fiber, while the cellulose and hemicellulose contained in the crude fiber can be digested and used by the herbivorous livestock. The lignin can not be digested, and the straw contains Cellulose binds closely to lignin, which prevents it from being digested and absorbed by livestock. The role of ammoniation is to cut off this connection and separate the lignin from the cellulose so that it can be digested and absorbed by livestock. In addition, ammoniation also increases the crude protein content of the straw. In general, the digestibility of ammoniated straw can be increased by about 20%, the feed intake can be increased by about 20%, the crude protein content can be increased by 1-1.5 times, and the palatability and feed rate of straw can be increased. After the straw total nutritional value can be doubled to reach 0.4-0.5 feed units, which means that a kilogram of ammoniated straw equivalent to 0.4-0.5 kg of oats nutritional value.
There are several main methods of ammoniation:
1. Ammonition of liquid ammonia will be bundled into straw, then covered with a plastic film, sealed and injected with liquid ammonia equal to 3% of the dry matter weight of the straw. Ammonition time is usually different depending on the season. About one week in summer, 2-4 weeks in spring and autumn, 4-8 weeks in winter. Ammoniad with an ammoniated furnace, the temperature is 80-90 degrees, just one day to complete the ammoniation process.
2, urea ammoniation The straw is chopped and placed in the ammoniation tank, treated with urea equivalent to 5% of the dry matter weight of the straw. The urea should be dissolved in water in advance and sprayed evenly on the straw. The ammoxidation tank is full and practical. After the seal is covered with a plastic film. The processing time is roughly the same as "ammonia ammoniation" but slightly longer.
3, Ammonium ammonium carbonate Ammonium ammonia can also be used as ammoxidation straw, the same method and urea ammoniation, the amount should be increased accordingly
4. The ammonia ammonification method is the same as liquid ammonia ammonification, and the amount thereof is also increased accordingly. Among four kinds of amination methods, ammonia ammonia and urea have the best ammoniating effect, and ammonia and ammonium bicarbonate have a little effect.
Second, corn straw silage technology Green corn stalks are crushed, under anaerobic conditions, after microbial fermentation, become green feed, in the fermentation process, produce a certain concentration of acid (lactic acid), both to protect the nutritional content of feed Losses, in turn, can keep the feed green, juicy, and have acid and aromas. The storage time is longer. Not only can it be used for feeding all year round, but it is also conducive to the virtuous cycle of straw returning to the fields and ecological agriculture.
Its operation method
1. Build a silo pool away from pits and living water pits. It is built in a dry and high-lying location. It can be built into two types: rectangular and cylindrical. It can be underground, semi-underground and all-terrain. Wall bricks, cement bottom, per cubic meter volume can be installed silage 500-600 kg.
2. After harvesting silage corn stover, it is loaded into the pool with mechanical crushing, compacted while loading, and sprinkled with a certain amount of water and infiltrated with a small amount of urea (4-5 kg ​​per ton of green material), filling the pool After sealing with plastic film, add 0.3M soil.
3, the use of sealed corn stalk comminuted material under gas conditions, after about 30 days to complete the fermentation process, it will become corn straw silage.
Normal corn straw silage has an acid flavor, 1500 kg is equivalent to the nutritional value of 200 kg of corn.
Third, straw microbial fermentation storage technology Crop straw by mechanical processing and microbial microbial fermentation treatment, and will be stored in a certain facility technology also known as micro-storage technology.
The fermentation process of micro-feeds is a high-efficiency active microbial composite inoculum produced by using biotechnology. After being dissolved and revived, it is blended into 0.8%-1% saline, and then sprayed onto the processed crop stalks for compaction. Propagation and fermentation are completed under anaerobic conditions. The active microbial resurrection microbial agent is a powder, and the trade name is a straw fermentation live dry bacterium, which is composed of a highly efficient wood fiber decomposing bacteria and an organic acid fermentation bacterium, and is suitable for use on all crop stalks. The principle of preparing straw micro-storage by straw-fermentation live-dried bacteria is basically similar to that of ruminal microorganisms in ruminants.
Micro-feeds are mainly used for feeding ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The practice shows that the micro-storage feed is generally better than the untreated straw. Compared with the ammoniated treatment, the crude protein content of the micro-storage straw is lower than that of the ammoniated straw, but the feed intake and daily gain are higher than the ammoniated straw. It is also lower than the ammoniated treatment.
Micro-storage technology is characterized by:
1, low cost, high efficiency per ton of straw made of micro-microbial feed only need to use 3 grams of straw live dried fungus (value 10 yuan), and each ton of straw ammoniation requires 30-50 kg of urea.
2. Wheat straw with high digestibility and low nutritional value is taken as an example. After the micro-storage process, dry matter digestibility increased by 24.14%, crude fiber digestibility increased by 43.77%, organic matter digestibility increased by 29.4%, wheat straw micro-feed The metabolism of dry matter is 8.73mj/kg and the digestive energy is 9.8mj/kg.
3, palatability, feed intake high straw by micro-storage treatment, cattle, sheep's feeding speed can be increased by 40% -43%, feed intake can be increased by 20% -40%.
4. Straw utilization rate High rice straw, corn stalks, sorghum stalks, potato pods, sweet potato pods, bean stalks, etc. can all be made into high quality micro-storage.
In addition, it also has the advantages of long production season, long shelf life, non-toxic and harmless, and easy production.
Its operating methods include: cement cellar micro-reservoir method, crypt micro-reservoir method, plastic bags in the cell micro-reservoir method, micro-storage cellar in the bale.
Fourth, straw feed briquetting technology The roughage briquetting machine can compress straw and forage into high-density cakes, with a compression ratio of one to five or even one to fifteen. This can greatly reduce the transportation and storage space. If used in combination with drying equipment, it can suppress fresh pastures, keep their nutrient components intact, and prevent mildew. High-density cakes are used for daily feeding, disaster-preserving livestock and commercial feed production, which can achieve great economic benefits.
Briquetting presses can suppress legumes, gramineous forages and crop stalks suitable for fodder with a moisture content of 10% to 18%, and can suppress certain industrial by-products such as sawdust as fuel.
The 93CB-70 roughage briquette press has a productivity of 400kg/h, a compression cycle of 5-6S, and an operator of 3-4 people. The roughage briquetting machine consists of four parts: the material conveyor, the cake press, the hydraulic station and the electrical control cabinet.
5. Straw grass flour production technology The straw is crushed into grass powder, which is fed to cattle and sheep after fermentation. It can be used as a fodder to replace hay, and it is used for seasoning.
Its production method:
1. Raw materials All straws and grain and cotton processing by-products that do not contain toxic substances are used as raw materials for crushing. It is required that all raw materials are not moldy and the moisture content should not exceed 15%.
2, the production of grass powder with a hammer mill (mesh diameter 12-15mm), the straw crushed, grass powder should not be too fine, generally 10-20mm long, 1-3mm wide, not easy to ruminate, should be crushed all kinds of raw materials, For proportionate preparation.
3, fermented to make good comminuted grass powder and leguminous grass powder by three to one ratio of mixing, the whole fermentation time is 1-1.5 days, fermented grass powder is added 0.5-1 kg of bone meal per 100 kg, And with 25-30 kilograms of cornmeal, oatmeal, etc., fully mixed, it will become a grass-flour mixed feed.
Six, straw kneading processing technology Kneading technology is through the fine processing of straw, making it into a soft rubbing filaments, soft texture, can improve the palatability of animals, feeding rate and digestibility. The kneading machine is an ideal straw feed processing machine that is more advanced in animal husbandry and popular with farmers.
The kneading machine consists of a feed inlet, a discharge port, an upper and lower body, a rotor, a tooth plate, a bulkhead, a pulley, and the like, and its productivity is 400-450 kg/h of corn straw and 500 kg/h of rice straw. Breaking rate: 99%, supporting power: 4.4-8.8kw tractor or motor.
Section III Other Processing and Utilizing Technology of Straw 1. Biomass gasification technology of straw gasification centralized gas supply technology is the energy conversion process of biomass raw materials under the condition of anoxic heating reaction. Biomass is composed of elements such as C, H, O, and ash. When they are ignited, they supply only a small amount of air and take measures to control the reaction process so that C and H become combustible gases such as CO, H2, and methane. Most of the energy in the straw is transferred to the gas. When the combustible gas is combusted, sufficient air is supplied and the generated flue gas mainly contains CO2 and water vapor.
In recent years, China has developed a number of technologies and products suited to the national conditions, which have reached the level of practical application, among which the demonstration and promotion mainly include:
1. The grain rice husk gasification generating units form 120KW and 80KW capacity products based on the transformation of traditional gas generators and diesel generators;
2. The carbonization technology of straw gasification in the dry distillation plant developed by the Dalian Research Institute of Central Agrotechnical Sciences is based on a variety of crop stalks widely used in rural areas as the main raw material, and supplies gas to farmers in a centralized way.
Second, straw carbon technology Crop straw carbon production is the straw and other raw materials by drying or drying, smashing, and then in the carbon equipment, isolated from the air or enter a small amount of air conditions, heating, decomposition to obtain solid products - charcoal.
In recent years, Henan and other places have successively developed a carbonization furnace for artificial carbon of high-efficiency and energy-saving carbonization furnace.
The commonly used carbonization equipment and auxiliary devices mainly include:
1. Carbonization furnace is a main equipment for carbonization of hypoxia carbonization. Type III carbonization furnace is mainly used for the preparation of charcoal by hypoxia gasification and carbonization of bar stocks and blocks made from various crop straws or other carbonaceous materials.
2. Squeeze stick making machine utilizes the inherent characteristics of raw materials such as crop stalks, stems and other agricultural and forestry wastes. After smashing and spiral extruding, the lignin in the wooden raw materials is plasticized under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure. Fine fibers combine to form a solid rod fuel
3. Stamping bar making machine is one of the main equipments for making rod-shaped solid fuels by using stalks and other raw materials, smashing, and under high pressure conditions. By stamping and heating, straw and other raw materials are plasticized and combined to form a solid rod fuel. .
4, continuous carbonization machine is to smash crushing and drying directly after the carbonization at a high temperature, made of granular carbon powder, and then use the molding mechanism to produce a variety of shapes of charcoal.
Third, the straw stalking technology uses corn stalks, corn cobs, rice hulls, cottonseed hulls, sunflower slag, bagasse and other by-products to obtain alcohol, but also one of the ways to comprehensive utilization of straw.
The process flow is: straw washing - hydrolysis - cooking softening - saccharification and fermentation - steamed drinking distilled liquor.
Fourth, the wheat straw mushroom technology using straw to cultivate straw mushroom, can obtain higher economic benefits, the medium is still an excellent organic fertilizer.
The utilization process is: wheat straw treatment - site selection cultivation - bacterial culture - fruiting management - post-harvest treatment.
(Tu Tongming)
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