On the scientific use rules of different kinds of fertilizers

There are three basic principles that should be mastered in the scientific application of fertilizers: one is organic fertilizer, and the other is chemical fertilizer. Pay attention to the application of high-quality organic fertilizers and rational application of chemical fertilizers, the ratio of organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen is not less than 1:1, combined with land use. The second is the principle of balanced fertilization. Based on the results of soil nutrient determination and crop manure requirements, the fertilizer application amount was determined according to the requirement of balanced fertilization. Although there are corresponding standards in each place, it will not exceed the following principle: The maximum inorganic nitrogen nutrient application limit is 225 kg/ha, while the inorganic phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer application rate will be determined according to the soil fertility status, so as to maintain the soil nutrient balance as quasi. The third is the principle of nutritional diagnostic top dressing. According to the nutritional characteristics of crop growth and development and soil and plant nutrient diagnosis, topdressing can be performed to meet the needs of crops for nutrients.

A scientific application of urea The application of urea should follow ten technical points, which saves both economic costs and fertilizer efficiency. (1) Priority should be given to the consideration of the main crops when they are applied, and crops with larger area and higher economic value (such as wheat and corn) should be considered first. For buckwheat and other minor crops, they can be appropriate according to their own economic conditions. Less or even not applied, targeted production of fertilizers to increase production. (2) It is suitable for basal fertilizer or top-dressing urea, which is suitable for base fertilizer and top-dressing, and is generally not used as seed fertilizer. Because urea easily destroys the structure of the protein and denatures the protein, it affects the germination of the seed and the growth of the root system of the seedling, which can cause the seed to lose its ability to germinate when severe. (3) Use as autumn fertilizer For dry land, the effect of urea fall application is much better than that of spring application. According to relevant experiments, under the same conditions, autumn planting can increase the utilization rate of urea by more than 10.8% over the spring season. If urea is used, then the application of organic fertilizers and other fertilizers will have better results. (4), used as top-dressing urea is an amide fertilizer, is organic, neutral, does not contain accessory components, has very small burns to stems and leaves of crops, small urea molecules, easily enters cells through the cell membrane; urea itself has hygroscopicity Sex is easy to be absorbed by the leaves. When the urea penetrates into the leaves, the plasmolysis is less likely to occur. Even if it occurs, it will recover quickly. So urea as top dressing is better than other nitrogen fertilizers. The concentration and time of urea spraying outside the root varies with the type of crop. Under normal circumstances, each application of urea 0.5-2.5 kg; once every 4-5 days, 2-3 times. (5) After applying topdressing urea into the soil, it will be firstly hydrolyzed into ammonium bicarbonate by the action of soil microorganisms before it can be absorbed by the crop roots. Therefore, it should be pursued in advance. (6) The final product of deep urea decomposition in soil is ammonium carbonate. Ammonium carbonate is very unstable and decomposes in the soil or on the soil surface to form free ammonia, which is easy to volatilize. Therefore, when applying urea, the soil should be deeply placed. Generally about 10 cm. (7) Use urea as moisture-absorbing material as possible after rain. When applying topdressing in dryland, try to arrange it after rain so that the fertilizer dissolves quickly and is absorbed by the soil. At the same time, some fertilizers can also be absorbed through the leaves to increase fertilizer efficiency and reduce losses. (8) In the morning or evening, like other nitrogen fertilizers, urea application time should be in the morning or evening, preferably after rain or cloudy days, and avoid using in sunny (or noon) high temperatures. (9)Utilizing urea with other chemical fertilizers is a unit fertilizer, which should be used in combination with phosphate fertilizers or other fertilizers. This will not only meet the needs of crops for various nutrients, but also help the fertilizers. (10) Applying organic fertilizers together with urea and organic fertilizers is an effective measure to increase the efficiency of urea fertilizers. It can be used to supplement each other's strengths, reduce urgency, improve efficiency, save fertilizers, promote microbial activity, improve crop nutrient conditions, and reduce production. Cost, increase production, increase income, etc., thereby increasing the economic efficiency of fertilizers. Farmyard manure is best with high quality pig manure. Under normal circumstances, the ratio of urea to pig manure is 1:1.9.

The use of urea tetrahedral: a bogey alone application of the ideal method is to apply organic fertilizer first, and then the urea, superphosphate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers rational formula application; bogey and ammonium bicarbonate mixed urea applied to the soil, to The conversion to ammonia is absorbed by the crop, and its conversion rate is much slower under alkaline conditions than under acidic conditions. After ammonium bicarbonate was applied to the soil, the reaction was alkaline and the pH was 8.2-8.4. The combination of ammonium bicarbonate and urea will greatly slow down the conversion of urea to ammonia, which can easily lead to the loss of pyrolysin and loss of volatiles. Therefore, urea and ammonium bicarbonate should not be mixed or applied at the same time; 3 bogey on surface application of urea is spread on the surface of the earth, at room temperature, it takes 4 to 5 days of conversion process to be absorbed by the crop, most of the nitrogen is volatilized during the ammonium process The utilization rate is only about 30%. If it is applied to soils with high contents of alkaline soil and organic matter, the loss of nitrogen will be more. Therefore, nitrogen can not be spread on the surface; the four avoid application of urea immediately after irrigation urea is an amine nitrogen fertilizer, must be converted into ammonia nitrogen after application can be absorbed and utilized by the crop.

In the conversion process, due to different conditions such as soil quality, moisture, and temperature, the time will vary. It usually takes 2 to 10 days to complete. If urea is applied immediately after irrigation or dry land is applied before heavy rain, urea will be lost immediately. Scientific use of microbiological fertilizers Microbiological fertilizers refer to specific products containing active microorganisms. Apply it to agricultural production to obtain a specific fertilizer supply. There is an essential difference between him and micro-fertilizer. The former is a living life, and the latter is a mineral element.

Microbial fertilizers can be summarized into three categories. One is to increase the supply of functional nutrient elements through the life activities of microorganisms, resulting in improved nutritional status. Microbial fertilizers antagonize each other in the soil and harmful microorganisms, and can also produce disease-resistant, disease-resistant, and even insect-control effects. The amount of fertilizer is about 2 kg per mu. This type of representative products are rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and silicate bacteria (potassium bacteria). The other is the metabolites of microorganisms, such as amino acids, yellow phytic acid, etc., and it is combined with mineral trace elements to make a liquid or solid product, which can stimulate the jihad and resist pests and diseases of crops. Amount of land per mu is about 100 grams. Another type is the use of microorganisms to decompose the function of organic matter, such as fermentation or enzyme bacteria, to accelerate the decay of farmyard manure or straw, to increase the role of soil humus. In this category, more chemical fertilizers are added to ensure the nutritional requirements of the crops. The market is called multiple organic fertilizer. For example, "em is a beneficial bacteria group. Microbial fertilizers can be used for seed dressing, soaking, rooting, base fertilizer, top dressing, ditching, or hole application. However, seed dressing is the most convenient, economical and effective method. The method of seed dressing is to first apply solid bacterial fertilizer. Add fresh water to a paste or liquid bacteria and add water to dilute, then stir well with neutron, dry it slightly, sow, and immediately cover soil.

Some fungus fertilizers can also be mixed with fertilizers as base fertilizers. Microbial fertilizers are bioactive fertilizers and therefore have specific application requirements. The first is to avoid long-term use after opening the bag. After opening the bag for a long period of time, other bacteria may invade the bag, causing the microbial flora to change and affecting its use. The second is to avoid use under conditions of high temperature and drought. Under high temperature and drought conditions, survival and reproduction will be affected and they will not play a good role. The use of such fertilizers should be selected on a cloudy or sunny evening, combined with cover soil, manure, watering, etc., to prevent microbial fertilizers from being exposed to direct sunlight or due to insufficient water. The third is to avoid mixing with unripe farmyard fertilizers. The stacking or mixing of these fertilizers with uncomplexed organic fertilizers will kill microorganisms due to high temperatures and affect the exertion of microbial fertilizers. At the same time, care must be taken to avoid mixing with over-acid and over-alkaline fertilizers. The fourth is to avoid simultaneous use with pesticides. Chemical pesticides inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms to varying degrees, and even kill microorganisms. If you need to use pesticides, you should also stagger the use of time. Do not mix microbial fertilizers with tools that contain pesticides and fungicides. The scientific application method of stacking maturity of three organic fertilizers The maturity and application of organic fertilizer stacking When composting unprocessed organic fertilizer, the compost site should be selected in the place of leeward, sunny, and high dryness, and the agricultural film be put on the compost floor. Or choose the cement floor, to crush the livestock manure in the farmyard fertilizer, the straw should be crushed to 5 cm below the rolling, and about 3% of mixed superphosphate and dung should be mixed and piled up. The addition of calcium superphosphate is mainly to prevent the loss of nitrogen in organic fertilizers and to increase the activity of microorganisms. After stacking, smooth the surface with a spade, cover it with mud about 10 centimeters thick, or cover it with agricultural film, tightly press around, and create an oxygen-deficient environment to make it mature as soon as possible. Farmyard manure can decompose in about 60 days. When the color of organic fertilizer changes from gray to purple and black, and the texture is loose and there is bad odor, it means that it has been decomposed and it must be applied to the orchard in time. When fully shed sheds are applied to the orchards, fertilization ditch with 30-40 cm in width and 30-40 cm in depth should be selected outside the vertical projection of the tree crown, and the organic manure and the appropriate amount of fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer) and After the topsoil is evenly mixed, it is put into the bottom of fertilization, and finally it is covered with the uncovered bottom raw soil, or the whole garden is applied, and after spreading, it is turned into the soil layer. Micro-Fertilizer Scientific Application Method Trace fertilizer is an abbreviation for trace element fertilizer. In production, people often only pay attention to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and ignore the use of trace elements such as iron, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, and manganese. Practice has proved that trace element fertilizers cannot be replaced by “three elements” fertilizers. If there are a large number of elements in the soil and there is a lack of certain trace elements, the crops cannot grow and develop normally, and even physiological symptoms may occur. Will not be saved and cause death. Therefore, after increasing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, we must pay attention to the physiological performance of crops and determine the lack of factors in the crops in a timely manner. Crops need only a small amount of micro-fertilizer to meet the needs of normal growth, but the critical range of various micro-fertilizers from lack to excess is very small. At the same time, micro-fertilizer is not effective in any crops and soils. It is highly targeted when applied. Sexuality and selectivity, a slight lack or excess can cause serious damage to crops. The correct application technology is the key to improving the effect of micronutrient application. 1. It is necessary to strictly control the application amount of trace fertilizer. Excessive use of micro-fertilizer may have a toxic effect on crops, and it may also pollute the environment and endanger the health of humans and livestock. Therefore, we must strictly control the amount of trace fertilizer, and strive to apply evenly. Generally, micro-fertilizer can be applied with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers after mixing evenly to avoid the hazard of high local concentration. When spraying micro-fertilizer out of the root, the concentration should be appropriate. Do not arbitrarily increase the amount or increase the concentration. If high concentration is really needed, limit it to 20% of the specified concentration. To avoid causing poisonous effects. 2. To increase the organic fertilizer. Practice has shown that increasing the application of organic fertilizer can greatly increase the effect of applying trace element fertilizer, because increasing the organic fertilizer can both increase the organic acid in the soil and make the trace elements available, and at the same time, reduce the toxicity of trace fertilizer when the amount of trace fertilizer is excessive. . Moreover, the organic fertilizer itself contains a large number of trace elements in a complete range. In areas where micronutrients are scarce, we must pay attention to increasing the application of organic fertilizers. 3. To apply nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other large elements. Although trace elements and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are all equally important and irreplaceable nutrient elements, they should first meet the needs of crops for a large number of elements in agricultural production. Only on the basis of the application of a large number of elements, trace elements The effect can be fully exerted. If you ignore the application of a large number of elemental fertilizers, it is unscientific to rely on micronutrients to function. Micro-fertilizers must exhibit obvious ripening and yield-increasing effects under the important conditions that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are satisfied. If there are sufficient trace elements, and a large number of elements remain constant, a large number of elements will become the limiting factor in promoting ripening and increasing production. 4. Appropriate application due to crop and soil conditions. First of all, various crops have different responses to different micronutrients, and the application rate should be determined according to the sensitivity of crops to micronutrients. The crops requiring more boron are Chinese cabbage, radish, sunflower, legume crops, rapeseed, cabbage, and tobacco. Most of the cereal crops need less boron because they are insensitive to boron; the crops that require more manganese are potatoes and soybeans. Sweet potatoes, onions, spinach, lettuce, etc.; more zinc is required for corn, rice, soybeans, tomatoes, oranges, peaches, etc.; more molybdenum is leguminous crops and cruciferous crops; iron deficiency occurs more often in Pear, peach and other perennial fruit trees. Secondly, the yellow and red soils developed from acid igneous rocks, and trace elements such as boron, zinc and molybdenum are relatively scarce. These micronutrients must be applied in production. In addition, crops are not susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies under conditions of rational crop rotation and organic fertilizer applications. Therefore, the application of trace fertilizers should be targeted, and crops should be suitable for crops, perennials (fruit trees, etc.) and for many years. The plots (protected vegetables, etc.) should pay attention to the lack of performance. The abundance of an element in a region must be determined through analysis and experimentation. Only the targeted use of trace element fertilizers can increase the effect of application and achieve the purpose of promoting ripening and increasing yield. 5. According to different needs to choose different methods of application. There are many methods for the application of trace element fertilizers, such as soil fertilization, seed treatment, and top dressing. Soil fertilization: When basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer or top dressing is applied, trace element fertilizer is applied to the soil. Although this fertilizer has a low utilization rate of fertilizer, it has a certain aftereffect. This fertilization method is often used for industrial waste containing trace elements and slow-effect micronutrients. Seed treatment: including soaking and dressing methods. When soaked, the seed is immersed in a trace element solution, the seed absorbs the solution and swells, and the fertilizer enters with the water. The commonly used concentration is 0.01% to 0.1% and the time is 12 to 24 hours. Seed dressing is to use a small amount of water to dissolve the trace elements fertilizer, spray the solution on the seed, stir evenly, so that the seeds outside the solution stained with air after drying sowing, generally with 2 ~ 6g of fertilizer per kilogram of seed. Outside the root dressing: the trace element fertilizer solution is sprayed onto the plant with a sprayer, and is absorbed into the leaf surface or stomata and run into the plant body. The commonly used solution concentration is 0.01% to 0.1%. Roots: This is a special fertilization method for rice. Other crops that need to be transplanted can also be fertilized with roots.

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